{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:45:46Z","timestamp":1780357546687,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3130902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T20:26:49Z","timestamp":1637872009000},"page":"158972-158983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Subjective Answers Evaluation Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Farrukh","family":"Bashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Rehman","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3678-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kryvinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahab S.","family":"Band","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Text similarity analysis for evaluation of descriptive answers","author":"bahel","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2105 02935"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44469-6_29"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-018-0163-2"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2772-7"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Re-evaluating word mover’s distance","author":"sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2105 14403"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2020.1723868"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCSSA.2017070101"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-020-09753-4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.262"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11050114"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2010.47"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INISTA49547.2020.9194665"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"A two-stage text feature selection algorithm for improving text classification","author":"srivastava","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2006.10.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102361"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68799-1_19"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-021-09587-8"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Automated scoring: Beyond natural language processing","author":"madnani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 27th Int Conf Comput Linguistics (COLING)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13881-2_2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9273-4_9"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA200620"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106684"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subjective answer evaluation using machine learning","volume":"118","author":"patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pure Appl Math"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079.2017.1291635"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Evaluating Student descriptive answers using natural language processing","volume":"3","author":"patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Eng Res Technol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IITSI.2010.76"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAIS.2018.8570612"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6662984"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS-C.2019.00072"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"957","article-title":"From word embeddings to document distances","author":"kusner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5971"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2018.1451095"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11090421"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2069"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-021-09801-7"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"168","article-title":"The effect of stemming and stop-word-removal on automatic text classification in Turkish language","volume":"9489","author":"\u00e7agatayli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 22nd Int Conf Neural Inf Process (ICONIP)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09828-3"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8950-4_5"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30164-8"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"A new simple and effective measure for bag-of-word inter-document similarity measurement","author":"aryal","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1902 03402"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9312710\/09627669.pdf?arnumber=9627669","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T21:56:44Z","timestamp":1646776604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9627669\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3130902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}