{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T14:56:23Z","timestamp":1770994583001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019-eBORDER-872878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019-eBORDER-872878"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3164245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T19:57:02Z","timestamp":1648843022000},"page":"38832-38849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Toward a Secure and Usable User Authentication Mechanism for Mobile Passenger ID Devices for Land\/Sea Border Control"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3830-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9130-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Zachos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Essop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8074-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Mantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges to effective EU cybersecurity policy\u2014Briefing paper","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Court Audit."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789214030515"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2021.3084538"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD52502.2021.9617809"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Transport in the European Union: Current Trends and Issues","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP49049.2020.9249574"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD52502.2021.9617802"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01220-y"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107118"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118867464.ch9"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4049"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041528"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeditCom49071.2021.9647521"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeditCom49071.2021.9647603"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.ir.8080"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2649598"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"BeCAPTCHA: Bot detection in smartphone interaction using touchscreen biometrics and mobile sensors","volume-title":"arXiv:2005.13655","author":"Acien","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"BeCAPTCHA: Detecting human behavior in smartphone interaction using multiple inbuilt sensors","volume-title":"arXiv:2002.00918","author":"Acien","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119183471"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2009.9"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220210417463"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Business insider-Samsung\u2019s Galaxy S8 facial recognition feature can be fooled with a photo","author":"Kovach","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Hackers claim to beat iPhone X\u2019s face id in one week with 115 mask","author":"Titcomb","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"The guardian-iPhone 5S fingerprint sensor hacked by Germany\u2019s chaos computer club","author":"Charles","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969626"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05195-2_14"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2016.20"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"PDA Speech Database","author":"Obuchi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Were You Aware of All These Sensors in Your Smartphone?","author":"Forsblom","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702141"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.ir.8196"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2555335"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27739-9_1580-1"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-013-1518-5"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04372-8_3"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Frictionless authentication systems: Emerging trends, research challenges and opportunities","volume-title":"arXiv:1802.07233","author":"Van Hamme","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"The RSA Risk Engine","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2751323.2751329"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3129790.3129801"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.sp.800-28ver2"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22890-2_18"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.sp.800-30r1"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119162315"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/18097-9155"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006292602540260"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC.2019.8795332"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Applying fuzzy logic to risk assessment and decision-making. Casualty Actuarial Society, Canadian Institute of Actuaries, Society of Actuaries","author":"Shang","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2306210"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"On the design of a fuzzy intelligent differential equation solver","volume-title":"Fuzzy Expert Systems","author":"Friedman","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814261302_0010"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2015.7232494"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Risk-Based Authentication","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"219","article-title":"Architecture of context-risk-aware authentication system for web environments","volume-title":"Proc. ICIEIS","author":"Hurkala"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Data Mining","author":"Witten","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on machine learning techniques and user authentication approaches for credit card fraud detection","volume-title":"arXiv:1912.02629","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.12.020"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2017.8397628"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Hands-On Machine Learning With Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems","author":"G\u00e9ron","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"issue":"96","key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"PyOD: A Python toolbox for scalable outlier detection","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9668973\/09747935.pdf?arnumber=9747935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:42:22Z","timestamp":1705538542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9747935\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3164245","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}