{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:26:01Z","timestamp":1780104361339,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of Anses, EXPOAUTO Project","award":["2020\/2 RF\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/2 RF\/05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3170035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T20:48:19Z","timestamp":1650919699000},"page":"47764-47781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Survey of Exposure to RF Electromagnetic Fields in the Connected Car"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2433-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Tognola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC&#x2014;Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Chiaramello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Fiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9008-7530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Parazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC&#x2014;Ghent University, Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8902-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Wiart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Electronic (COMELEC), Institut Mines-Telecom, Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ravazzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell&#x2019;Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2964107"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APWC.2012.6324936"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"50","article-title":"Integrated 140 GHz FMCW radar for vital sign monitoring and gesture recognition","volume":"62","author":"Vaesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microw. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11060122"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.7786995"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Radiocommunications Equipment Operating in the 5 855 MHz to 5 925 MHz Frequency Band; Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of Directive 2014\/53\/EU","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); LTE-V2X Access Layer Specification for Intelligent Transport Systems Operating in the 5 GHz Frequency Band","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Study on LTE-based V2X Services; (Release 14)","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; V2X Services Based on NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception; (Release 16)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR Sidelink Enhancement; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception; (Release 17)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2007.461"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Transport and Traffic Telematics (TTT); Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Transmission Equipment (500 Kbit\/s\/250 Kbit\/s) Operating in the 5 795 MHz to 5 815 MHz Frequency Band; Part 2: Harmonised Standard for Access to Radio Spectrum; Sub\u2014Part 2: On-Board Units (OBU)","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices; Radio Equipment to be Used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz Frequency Range; Part 1: Technical Characteristics and Test Methods","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short Range Radar Equipment Operating in the 24 GHz Range; Part 1: Technical Requirements and Methods of Measurement","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Short Range Devices; Transport and Traffic Telematics (TTT); Radar Equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz range; Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of Directive 2014\/53\/EU; Part 1: Ground Based Vehicular Radar","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short Range Radar Equipment Operating in the 77 GHz to 81 GHz Band; Part 1: Technical Requirements and Methods of Measurement","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3138051"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Design Guide: TIDEP-01023 Child-Presence and Occupant-Detection Reference Design Using 60-GHz Antenna-on-Package mmWave Sensor","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Design Guide: TIDEP-01001 Vehicle Occupant Detection Reference Design","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Bitsensing, 60GHz MOD620","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Automotive in-Cabin Monitoring","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Incabin Radar Monitoring","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Vayyar Element Development Module","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Automotive 60 GHz Radar Application Kit","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"In-Cabin UWB Radar NXPLive Demo","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3001992"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389040"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2327587"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2014.6931705"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2013.6637385"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RACSS.2012.6212726"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MOVE.2007.4300802"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA.2005.1612631"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2004.828172"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2012.6178212"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Wideband Transmission Systems; Data Transmission Equipment Operating in the 2,4 GHz Band; Harmonised Standard for Access to Radio Spectrum","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio Equipment to be Used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz Frequency Range; Harmonised Standard for Access to Radio Spectrum","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standard for Radio Equipment and Services; Part 17: Specific Conditions for Broadband Data Transmission Systems; Harmonised Standard for ElectroMagnetic Compatibility","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Bluetooth Core Specification Version 5.3","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Technical Characteristics of Short Range Devices (SRD) and RFID in the UHF Band; System Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and SRD Equipment; Part 2: Additional Spectrum Requirements for UHF RFID, Non-Specific SRDs and Specific SRDs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Short Range Devices (SRD) Operating in the Frequency Range 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz; Part 1: Technical Characteristics and Methods of Measurement","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Short Range Devices (SRD) Operating in the Frequency Range 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz; Part 2: Harmonised Standard for Access to Radio Spectrum for Non Specific Radio Equipment","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"ERC Recommendation Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD), ERC Recommendation 70\u201303","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 47-Telecommunication, Part 15-Radio Frequency Devices, 47 CFR Part 15","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 47-Telecommunication, Part 15-Radio Frequency Devices, Subpart F-Ultra-Wideband Operation, 47 CFR Part 15 Subpart F","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Short Range Devices (SRD) Using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB); Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of the Directive 2014\/53\/EU; Part 3: Requirements for UWB Devices for Ground Based Vehicular Applications","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9179124"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Information Technology\u2014Radio Frequency Identification for Item Management\u2014Part 3: Parameters for air Interface Communications at 13,56 MHz","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio Equipment in the Frequency Range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and Inductive Loop Systems in the Frequency Range 9 kHz to 30 MHz; Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of Directive 2014\/53\/EU","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2008.2004418"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejfms.129.725"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2012.6205898"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912164"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hp.0000000000001210"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9238523"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2016.7807587"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2020.3009856"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/URSIGASS49373.2020.9231985"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF35879.2020.9329845"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2006.895540"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"756","article-title":"Variation of computed in-vehicle SAR with number and location of occupants at commonly used communications frequencies","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat.","author":"Ruddle"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.775377"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:20040110"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S2179-10742013000200017"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP140119013B"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CPEE50798.2020.9238731"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.863782"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118894774.ch6"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10087"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481667"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.889776"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISEMC.2010.5711364"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2210553"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"626","article-title":"SAR evaluation for multiple wireless communication devices inside a vehicle","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Symp. Electromagn. Theory","author":"Diao"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078711001000"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064226920050034"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"91","article-title":"A numerical study on the interaction between different position of cellular headsets and a human head","volume":"29","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACES J."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2002.803445"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"222","article-title":"Exposure assessment of 60 GHz communication antenna and 79 GHz automotive radar","volume-title":"Proc. Joint Annu. Meeting Bioelectromagnetics Soc. Eur. BioElectromagnetics Assoc.","author":"Vermeeren"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58091-7"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa81fe"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/6\/019"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APEMC.2008.4559848"},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"Amendment of Sections 15.35 and 15.253 of the Commission\u2019s Rules Regarding Operation of Radar Systems in the 76\u201377 GHz Band and Amendment of Section 15.253 of the Commission\u2019s Rules to Permit Fixed use of Radar in the 76\u201377 GHz Band","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/15.305461"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1966.1138693"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/13\/019"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/7\/001"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP.2017.7928679"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041751"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22361"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071230"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Assessment of road-user exposure from ITS-5.9 GHz vehicular connectivity technology","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Meeting BIOEM Soc.","author":"Benini"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Assessment of EMF exposure in 5G connected vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Meeting BIOEM Soc.","author":"Bonato"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2021.100402"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9668973\/09762806.pdf?arnumber=9762806","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T21:09:03Z","timestamp":1705957743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9762806\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3170035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}