{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:54:33Z","timestamp":1783994073927,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3191790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T20:30:40Z","timestamp":1658176240000},"page":"77110-77122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Crime: An Overview of Malicious Use and Abuse of AI"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tais Fernanda","family":"Blauth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Governance and Innovation, University of Groningen\/Campus Frysl&#x00E2;n, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar Josef","family":"Gstrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Governance and Innovation, University of Groningen\/Campus Frysl&#x00E2;n, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-141X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Zwitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Governance and Innovation, University of Groningen\/Campus Frysl&#x00E2;n, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300252392"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/isr\/viy029"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061473"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Speech by Minister Van Engelshoven on Artificial Intelligence at UNESCO, on October the 18th in Paris","author":"van Engelshoven","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/PE237"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41133-019-0024-3"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181371"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w24689","volume-title":"AI and the economy","author":"Furman","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community","author":"Coats","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-018-0315-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mc.2021.3083916"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11416-006-0015-z"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Cybercrime","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The malicious use of artificial intelligence: Forecasting, prevention, and mitigation","author":"Brundage","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.07228"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-018-00081-0"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Malicious uses and abuses of artificial intelligence","author":"Ciancaglini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trend Micro Research; United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI); Europol\u2019s European Cybercrime Centre (EC3)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1996.11518110"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"44","article-title":"Information hazards: A typology of potential harms from knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Bostrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Contemp. Philosophy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/257805"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Proposal for a Regulation Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence\u2014Artificial Intelligence Act","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Proposal for a Regulation Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence\u2014Artificial Intelligence Act\u2014Annexes to the Proposal","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-10-2019-0400"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/a017405"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/lytx.2020.02.09"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-017-9417-6"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"143","article-title":"Taxonomy of pathways to dangerous AI","author":"Yampolskiy","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-9919-2016001"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Artificially intelligent cyberattacks","author":"Zouave","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2017.08.004"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Adversarial machine learning at scale","author":"Kurakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1611.01236"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1412.6572"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351251389-8"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp.2018.00057"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"In 2016, Microsoft\u2019s racist chatbot revealed the dangers of online conversation","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01053-4"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Learning from Tay\u2019s Introduction","author":"Lee","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140450"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"BadNets: Identifying vulnerabilities in the machine learning model supply chain","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1708.06733"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"The secret sharer: Evaluating and testing unintended memorization in neural networks","author":"Carlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.08232"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330723"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316691250"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1253","article-title":"The new market manipulation","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emory Law J."},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"How the Dow Fell 800 Points in 10 Minutes","author":"Wiener-Bronner","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Flash Crash\u2014The Trading Savant Who Crashed the U.S. Stock Market","author":"Martin","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"U.K. Speed Trader Arrested Over Role in 2010","author":"Lynch","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Volatility: How \u2018algos\u2019 Changed Rhythm Market","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"The Artificial Intelligence Arms Race","author":"Zwitter","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"The Stock Market Correction Two Weeks Later: How it Happened, and if it Can Happen Again","author":"Cox","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1031","article-title":"The failure of liability in modern markets","volume":"102","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virginia Law Rev."},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"This person (Probably) Exists. Identity membership attacks against GAN generated faces","author":"Webster","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.06018"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3523273"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.03.004"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2808797.2809292"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.06.006"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818717"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Beware the CyberLover that Steals Personal Data","author":"Rossi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Weaponizing Data Science for Social Engineering: Automated E2E Spear Phishing on Twitter","author":"Seymour","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v21i11.7090"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5753\/brasnam.2019.6553"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24434\/j.scoms.2018.01.005"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijwgs.2019.099561"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2019.1661888"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"The Impact of Big Data of International Affairs","author":"Zwitter","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"How Bots Broke the FCC\u2019s Public Comment System","author":"Lapowsky","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Discovering Truth Through Lies on the Internet\u2014FCC Comments Analyzed","author":"Thuen","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2020.00067"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174x.2018.1508363"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"It\u2019s Time to Retire the Tainted Term","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Stop Saying \u2018Fake News\u2019. It\u2019s Not Helping","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9050073"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174x.2019.1685231"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6178"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201199"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323118760317"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316738"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33012213"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0089"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"The radicalization risks of GPT-3 and advanced neural language models","author":"McGuffie","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2009.06807"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Wordflow AI Articles","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-00980-6"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764219869406"},{"key":"ref83","volume-title":"Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7590\/187479820x15881424928426"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"It\u2019s Not Just a Social Media Problem\u2014How Search Engines Spread Misinformation","author":"Shah","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3805210"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2019.105374"},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"Anonymous Twitter Accounts in Brazil are Pressuring Advertisers to Drop Conservative Media Campaigns","author":"Garcia","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.262"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1282"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Watch: Fake Elon Musk Zoom-Bombs Meeting Using Real-Time Deepfake AI","author":"Greene","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/AEIT50178.2020.9241108"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1365712718807226"},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"The Democratic Party Deepfaked Its Own Chairman to Highlight 2020 Concerns","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"Bruno Sartori: O Rei DAS Deepfakes","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452218410.n14"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2601(08)60052-0"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/avss.2018.8639163"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3213954"},{"key":"ref101","volume-title":"China Steps up Efforts to Ban Deepfakes. Will it work?","author":"Elliott","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Wiseguys Plead Guilty in Ticketmaster Captcha Case","author":"Zetter","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Password Brute Force Attacks","author":"Trieu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102526"},{"key":"ref105","volume-title":"Malware Statistics & Trends Report","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref106","volume-title":"DeepLocker\u2014Concealing Targeted Attacks With AI Locksmithing","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"DeepLocker: How AI Can Power a Stealthy New Breed of Malware","author":"Stoecklin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367808846-14"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-5028-0"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2835965"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420085952"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00396338.2017.1375263"},{"key":"ref113","volume-title":"Directive 3000.09","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref114","volume-title":"Views of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on Autonomous Weapon System","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref115","volume-title":"You Never Die Twice: Multiple Kills in the U.S. Drone Program","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref116","volume-title":"41 Men Targeted But 1,147 People Killed: U.S. Drone Strikes\u2014The Facts on the Ground","author":"Ackerman","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12186"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010612450207"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-2156-2015034"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-9211-20181475"},{"key":"ref121","volume-title":"Report on Activities: Convention on Conventional Weapons Meeting of High Contracting Parties","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/83bae844-en"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00024-3"},{"key":"ref124","volume-title":"Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) At a Glance","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/2211-4394_rwilwo_sim_031573"},{"key":"ref126","volume-title":"INTERPOL Report Shows Alarming Rate of Cyberattacks During COVID-19","author":"Stock","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"Cybercrime: COVID-19 Impact","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.05.017"},{"key":"ref129","volume-title":"Study to support an impact assessment of regulatory requirements for Artificial Intelligence in Europe","author":"Renda","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref130","volume-title":"Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (ALTAI) for Self-Assessment","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"ref132","volume-title":"Mind Children?: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence","author":"Moravec","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9668973\/09831441.pdf?arnumber=9831441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T06:32:47Z","timestamp":1706769167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9831441\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":132,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3191790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}