{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T10:48:13Z","timestamp":1782125293187,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3206428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T19:33:20Z","timestamp":1663184000000},"page":"99257-99267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on Power System Flexibility: Concept, Services, and Products"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Behzad","family":"Hadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moein","family":"Moeini-Aghtaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3281-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khoshjahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&#x0026;M University, College Station, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payman","family":"Dehghanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.11.039"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Understanding variability and uncertainty of photovoltaics for integration with the electric power system","author":"Ahlstrom","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2020.2967428"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/972169"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1126842"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/984667"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6039009"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2897727"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IICPE.2018.8709491"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40565-019-0527-4"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.07.017"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Flexibility in the Power System\u2014Danish and European Experiences","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2011.2177280"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264302006-en"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1130630"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1282847"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107122"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2927604"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.055"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.11.029"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1023095"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982692"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3193387"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEICT53079.2022.9768463"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1452699"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.04.075"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3191781"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4156545"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2022.108225"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119968696"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2317451"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.10.026"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEES.2019.8719294"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IICPE.2018.8709335"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-018-0739-z"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2017.8004826"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SUPERGEN.2009.5348161"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PEMWA.2012.6316370"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"An analysis of electricity system flexibility for Great Britain","author":"Sanders","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.10.028"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2015.2497329"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.07.020"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2017.2663334"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2018.07.004"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2019.8783354"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC.2015.7381083"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12392"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPSAsia48933.2020.9208385"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/oap-cired.2017.0054"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13123202"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.014"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Pathways to a Smarter Power System","author":"Erdinc","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092391"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1215010"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2018.8571693"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.3014906"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975663"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEM.2016.7521327"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2637879"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2017.7985222"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2437911"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2843161"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.09.005"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2017.0107"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adapen.2022.100088"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107796"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"On the way to efficiently supplying more than half of Turkey\u2019s electricity from renewables: Costs and benefits of options to increase system flexibility","author":"Sayg\u0131n","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131534"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112112"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Flexibility options in energy systems","author":"Z\u00f6phel","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2016364"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849013"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2012.6465757"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenTech.2018.00011"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2495118"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10060825"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.03.023"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref78","first-page":"3","article-title":"A new approach on development of power system operational flexibility index by combination of generation unit flexibility indices","volume":"53","author":"Berahmandpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"AUT J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"31","article-title":"Development of a dynamic energy flexibility index for buildings and their interaction with smart grids","volume-title":"Proc. ACEEE Summer Study Energy Efficient Building","author":"Athienitis"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2018.8494223"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources With Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces Amendment 1: To Provide More","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113357"},{"key":"ref83","volume-title":"Mandatory Frequency Response","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Operating a zero carbon GB power system in 2025: Frequency and fault current (TIC-LCPE-networks06 work package 1)","author":"Hamilton","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2600274"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"FAQ, Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR)","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.04.054"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"Frequency Control by Demand Management (FCDM) National Grid is an International Electricity and Gas Company Responsible for Operating the Electricity and Gas","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2019.8912725"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816445-7.00011-6"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2865562"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2018.8619529"},{"key":"ref93","volume-title":"STOR Market Information Report\u2014TR38","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315154930"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.01.009"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"238","article-title":"Fourth carbon budget review","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Renew. Energies Power Quality","volume":"1"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"From forecasting to despatch SBR units contracted long notice start up required within day start up required short notice instruction","author":"Chandler"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2019.8905715"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"Reactive Power Market Obligatory and Enhanced Reactive Power Services Invitation to Tender and Guidance Notes for the Completion of Tenders for Reactive Power Market Agreements","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106645"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v10i1.pp72-79"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Constraint Management Service","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Towards a survey of visualization methods for power grids","volume-title":"arXiv:2106.04661","author":"Fischer","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejpes.125.350"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref105","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power system flexibility metrics review with high penetration of variable renewable generation","author":"Eltohamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.11.030"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.11.016"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Flexibility chart: Evaluation on diversity of flexibility in various areas","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Workshop Large-Scale Integr. Wind Power Into Power Syst. Well Transmiss. Netw. Offshore Wind Farms (WIW)","author":"Yasuda"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2390038"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/113\/1\/012190"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2016.1014"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.01.121"},{"key":"ref113","volume-title":"Adapting Market Design to High Shares of Variable Renewable Energy","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.107223"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2878224"},{"key":"ref116","volume-title":"Innovation Landscape Brief: Flexibility in Conventional Power Plants","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEM.2011.5953053"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2355204"},{"key":"ref119","volume-title":"Flexibility in Thermal Power Plants With a Focus on Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"Batteries: Beyond the spin","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEM.2019.8916566"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9668973\/09889334.pdf?arnumber=9889334","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T21:24:48Z","timestamp":1705958688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9889334\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":121,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3206428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}