{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:25:52Z","timestamp":1781011552713,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council (ERC) for the NOSUDEP Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["724334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["724334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), U.K.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P009794\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P009794\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3206782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T19:32:43Z","timestamp":1663270363000},"page":"98450-98474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Embedded Machine Learning Using Microcontrollers in Wearable and Ambulatory Systems for Health and Care Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha S.","family":"Diab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wearable Technologies Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Rodriguez-Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wearable Technologies Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3710"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890150"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3039858"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134412"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44907-0_9"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Hardware accelerator design for machine learning","author":"du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Machine Learning-Advanced Techniques and Emerging Applications"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.3013489"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7166-0_16"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9081526"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.08.015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.3036081"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2020.3005467"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijaia.2018.9105"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2019.105282"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2525803"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2430895"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/13297"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.09.006"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2005.848368"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/a13050125"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143079"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.05.016"},{"key":"ref50","year":"2016","journal-title":"STM32F303xD STM32F303xE"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2016","journal-title":"STM32F756xx"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS51556.2021.9401083"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICAS48895.2020.9073950"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT48130.2020.9221219"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2020","journal-title":"ATmega48A\/PA\/88A\/PA\/168A\/PA\/328\/P"},{"key":"ref55","year":"2020","journal-title":"ATmega 640\/V-1280\/V-1281\/V-2560\/V-2561\/V"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2021","journal-title":"nRF52840"},{"key":"ref53","year":"2021","journal-title":"nRF52832"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2021","journal-title":"STM32F765xx STM32F767xx STM32F768xx STM32F769xx"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.2974154"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056","article-title":"Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks","volume":"542","author":"esteva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4653923"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971391"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab5da0"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13886"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2019","journal-title":"STM32l475xx"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2020.103571"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2535865"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE48585.2020.9116218"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICAS51828.2021.9458520"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2019","journal-title":"STM32L"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS49922.2021.9644949"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2021","journal-title":"RISC-V"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100461"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2021","journal-title":"Greenwaves Technologies Gap8 Next Generation Processor for Smart Sensors"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2912307"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS46596.2019.8965067"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2021","journal-title":"NN Quick Start Guide"},{"key":"ref71","author":"dennis","year":"0","journal-title":"EdgeML Machine Learning for resource-constrained edge devices"},{"key":"ref70","year":"2021","journal-title":"X-Cube-AI AI Expansion Pack for STM32CubeMX"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2976702"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"29","volume":"31","author":"nissen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Implementation of a Fast Artificial Neural Network Library (Fann)"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Technical report: NEMO DNN quantization for deployment model","author":"conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2004 05930"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2021.3066883"},{"key":"ref78","author":"kuyumcu","year":"2021","journal-title":"FANN Tool"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gait recovery system for Parkinson&#x2019;s disease using machine learning on embedded platforms","author":"gokul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Syst Conf (SysCon)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175339"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulp Hardware Reference Manual Version 1 6"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2021","journal-title":"AVR 8- and 32-bit MCUs"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092533"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"227","article-title":"AI model compression for edge devices using optimization techniques","volume":"2","author":"kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modern Approaches in Machine Learning and Cognitive Science A Walkthrough Latest Trends in AI"},{"key":"ref65","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2021","journal-title":"TensorFlow Lite"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2021","journal-title":"TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1","author":"suda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Machine Learning on Arm Cortex-M Microcontrollers"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Wearable technology applications in healthcare: A literature review","volume":"23","author":"wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Online Journal of Nursing Informatics"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"CMSIS-NN: Efficient neural network kernels for arm Cortex-M CPUs","author":"lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1801 06601 [cs]"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wearables |Statista"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70143-0"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-014-0388-4"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"1331","article-title":"ProtoNN: Compressed and accurate kNN for resource-scarce devices","author":"gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22489\/CinC.2017.065-469"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00891"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2036165"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009405"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1234-z"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827072"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS51076.2021.9530050"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.105044"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS51742.2021.9524188"},{"key":"ref103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sisfall Temporally Annotated"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010198"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aace8c"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.08.031"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00171"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"71","article-title":"The OhioT1DM dataset for blood glucose level prediction: Update 2020","volume":"2675","author":"marling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc CEUR Workshop"},{"key":"ref99","author":"shoeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Application of machine learning to epileptic seizure onset detection and treatment"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80478-8"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215e","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","article-title":"PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: Components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals","volume":"101","author":"goldberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30064-9"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00223-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.03.075"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0216-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.046"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.06.027"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-020-00321-5"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS51556.2021.9401282"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116807"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2927551"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2528129"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2018.00075"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101731"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP50058.2020.00067"},{"key":"ref114","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arm Cortex-M Processor Comparison Table"},{"key":"ref113","author":"ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"This AI-Powered Asthma Inhaler Keeps Tabs on Your Dose so You Don&#x2019;t Have to"},{"key":"ref116","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processors-Microcontrollers"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351728"},{"key":"ref115","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex-m55"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2959160"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.3027454"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELECON48756.2020.9140602"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10141715"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA49120.2020.9137134"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/9668973\/09893137.pdf?arnumber=9893137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T20:20:57Z","timestamp":1665433257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9893137\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2022.3206782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}