{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:33:18Z","timestamp":1784820798196,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF), Singapore, and Infocomm Media Development Authority under the Future Communications Research Development Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCP-NTU-RG-2022-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCP-NTU-RG-2022-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001445","name":"DSO National Laboratories under the AI Singapore Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AISG2-RP-2020-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AISG2-RP-2020-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Energy Research Test-Bed and Industry Partnership Funding Initiative"},{"name":"Energy Grid (EG) 2.0 programme, and under DesCartes and the Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3257029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T17:37:05Z","timestamp":1678815425000},"page":"26258-26288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["Blockchain Meets Metaverse and Digital Asset Management: A Comprehensive Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3072-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Tuan","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National De La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), University of Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5325\/intelitestud.19.1.0017"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2022.3202047"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2022.3221119"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcs.2022.3188249"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-022-3990-7"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3219845"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73335-5_65"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","first-page":"221","article-title":"An innovative e-commerce platform incorporating metaverse to live commerce","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Comput., Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4101\/jvwr.v8i2.7149"},{"key":"ref10","author":"Kastrenakes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facebook is Spending at Least"},{"key":"ref11","author":"Rees","year":"2022","journal-title":"These 8 Tech Giants Have Invested Big in the Metaverse"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2019.2920987"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3822743"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcss.2019.2938190"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2019.e00151"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2870644"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2022.3222521"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.99114"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136567"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3479238"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102542"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3140175"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Napster\u2019s second life: The regulatory challenges of virtual worlds","volume":"100","author":"Mayer-Schonberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Northwestern Univ. Law Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","first-page":"8","article-title":"Applying digital twins in metaverse: User interface, security and privacy challenges","volume":"2","author":"Far","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Metaverse"},{"key":"ref25","author":"Kiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metaverse Made Easy: A Beginner\u2019s Guide to the Metaverse: Everything you need to know about Metaverse, NFT and GameFi"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tce.2010.5606335"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2022.3208773"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2018.2873186"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2998358"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mic.2021.3059320"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-05463-1_27"},{"key":"ref32","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bitcoin Whitepaper"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eiecs53707.2021.9588047"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2896108"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2019.2942301"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14081686"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3021502"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011132"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cybermatics_2018.2018.00264"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"2327","volume-title":"Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework","volume":"21","author":"Wood","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cosmos whitepaper","author":"Kwon","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2020.2975999"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tem.2019.2948861"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3048124"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212998"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccnc.2019.8685577"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp.2015.14"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp.2013.34"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"ref51","author":"McBride","year":"2020","journal-title":"Welcome to the \u2018metaverse\u2019"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3037182"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/smc.2019.8914618"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/gcce.2018.8574479"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/jcc.2019.08.004"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2020.2982488"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3005663"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ic2e.2018.00072"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2020.2963840"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/obd.2016.11"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2937685"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2789929"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2021.3093475"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tem.2019.2926471"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2021.3063806"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2020.2980916"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2021.3113321"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2019.2944400"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2948053"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/msp.2008.50"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2931173"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cybermatics_2018.2018.00230"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.048"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.06.004"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102468"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iotm.0001.1800022"},{"key":"ref77","author":"Hardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsc.2020.2964537"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2938001"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2936278"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2019.2896064"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2021.3091151"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2895670"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70972-7_20"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.11.005"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175874"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2968985"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2935895"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cloud.2018.00151"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icitst.2015.7412073"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117056"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2022.3174065"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2022.3198004"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33630-5_27"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2020.2996229"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2898900"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsm.2021.3098439"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.001.1900095"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcc.2018.011791712"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2933482"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsc.2019.2953033"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2018.2886932"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsc.2018.2853167"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2020.2989392"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icws.2017.54"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2018.2875542"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2966069"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2012.6283046"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2920154"},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"TPM 2.0 Specification","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487726.2488368"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.11.004"},{"key":"ref114","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Digital Asset Protocol"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2969326"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2018.2826060"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.101613.00077"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.013012.00028"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1870-0"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2606384"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/65.283931"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040970"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3030308"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3058946"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905846"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812239"},{"key":"ref129","volume-title":"Datagram transport layer security version 1.2","author":"Rescorla","year":"6347"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref130","first-page":"68","article-title":"Uncover security design flaws using the stride approach","volume":"15","author":"Hernan","year":"2006","journal-title":"MSDN Mag."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2805783"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2896380"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2996590"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MilCIS.2015.7348942"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-4673-4_37"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BCCA55292.2022.9922027"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2967772"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2973651"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2940820"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2878154"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020326"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006890506920697"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1748"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2019.2937481"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.5751298"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2929136"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain55522.2022.00020"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2952332"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGRID.2017.8"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-4177-0_57"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905689"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102370"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.01.071"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MP.2006.1649008"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30144-8_33"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref158","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Blockchain-based Digital Asset Management","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-020-01023-z"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145151"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCC.2019.8843597"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2019.2910503"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109118"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3056773"},{"key":"ref165","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"The World\u2019s Most Expensive NFT Just Sold for $91 Million, But What Does it Mean?"},{"key":"ref166","volume-title":"Poly Network Exploit","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref167","author":"Pimentel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hackers Stole Nearly"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/oxan-es270251"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800290"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2019.00047"},{"key":"ref171","volume-title":"State Tree Pruning","author":"Buterin","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10068493.pdf?arnumber=10068493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T13:11:25Z","timestamp":1707829885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10068493\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":171,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3257029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}