{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1779384272329,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002671","name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), the Publication Fund under Research Creativity and Management Office, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and the Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304\/PNAV\/650958\/U154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/PNAV\/650958\/U154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3259425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T17:55:50Z","timestamp":1679334950000},"page":"28391-28415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Reinforcement Learning Models and Algorithms for Diabetes Management"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok-Lim Alvin","family":"Yau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science (LKCFES), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Wey","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celimuge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1998-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phei-Ching","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021\u201410th Edition","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.08.015"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154301"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3002022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.105936"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3014556"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0069"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101917"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0031"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.108"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI48887.2020.9374313"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105860"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401318666220317140717"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1578"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2016.05.008"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2019.01.012"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813279827_0029"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3100007"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2887067"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.04.008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3953"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101964"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477600"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for clinical decision support: A brief survey","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1907.09475"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Reinforcement learning for intelligent healthcare systems: A comprehensive survey","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2108.04087"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3140-4_42"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101836"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnn.1998.712192"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00986440600992651"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2007.07.008"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1631"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2008.10.008"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.03.002"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprocont.2010.10.003"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200517"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400102"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd17-0107"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700415"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01435-4"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.10.024"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEVicIVPR48672.2020.9306653"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1198"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00492.2002"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00241.2003"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.488799"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.001"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919853394"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117932"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2021.101878"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.35"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0803-0"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.09.003"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2044"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.10.038"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(92)90058-S"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300503"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdsb.2007.7.399"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2017.7985166"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00304.2001"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSC55427.2022.9826219"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2022.07.517"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296813514502"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Simglucose v0.2.1","author":"Xie","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.04.031"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.07.008"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/427196"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.06.041"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.09.020"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300106"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300207"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6610293"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"OpenAI gym","author":"Brockman","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1606.01540"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"AndroidAPS","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"8026","article-title":"PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Paszke"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"PyTorch Mobile","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815655-1.00011-9"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2931842"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2908488"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.10.024"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"Dawn Phenomenon","author":"O\u2019Neal","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1444"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN52387.2021.9533957"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-021"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2010.0287"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00670.2009"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0421"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24270"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10295"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-020-00068-2"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dilated recurrent neural network for short-time prediction of glucose concentration","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop Knowl. Discovery Healthcare Data","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1707.06347"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0493-2"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/15-080"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10077379.pdf?arnumber=10077379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T17:51:00Z","timestamp":1707846660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10077379\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3259425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}