{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:07:45Z","timestamp":1782385665919,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youngmoon Lee","award":["2022R1A4A3018824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A4A3018824"]}]},{"name":"Youngmoon Lee","award":["2022R1G1A1003531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1G1A1003531"]}]},{"name":"Youngmoon Lee","award":["IITP-2022-2020-0-01741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-2020-0-01741"]}]},{"name":"Youngmoon Lee","award":["RS-2022-00155885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00155885"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3268529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T17:35:41Z","timestamp":1681925741000},"page":"40049-40063","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cyber Forensic Investigation Infrastructure of Pakistan: An Analysis of the Cyber Threat Landscape and Readiness"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2563-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehtisham Ul","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waseem","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and IT, Superior University, Sargodha, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathishkumar","family":"Murugesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI and Software, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon Universityg, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngmoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","author":"aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pakistan&#x2019;s cybercrime law Boon or bane? Heinrich-B&#x00F6;ll Stiftung"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"An examination of digital forensic models","volume":"1","author":"reith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int l J Digital Evidence"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"117","article-title":"Cyber-Warfare: Implications for the national security of Pakistan","author":"khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"NDU J"},{"key":"ref56","author":"palmer","year":"0","journal-title":"A road map for digital Forensics research"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"151","article-title":"Cyber war in a cyber-led world and legislative measurements taken by Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"zahoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Competitive Social Science Res J"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1","article-title":"The enhanced digital investigation process model","volume":"2","author":"baryamureeba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of digital investigation"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Cybersecurity Index"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Getting physical with the digital investigation process","volume":"2","author":"carrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int l J Digital Evidence"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.01.015"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"2","article-title":"Forensic science in the U.K. Part III: Regulation of forensic science in England and Wales&#x2013;The role of the forensic science regulator","volume":"32","author":"baron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Science Review"},{"key":"ref11","author":"qadeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"The cyber threat facing Pakistan"},{"key":"ref55","author":"kruse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer Forensics Incident Response Essentials"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"205","article-title":"Cybersecurity in Pakistan: Regulations, gaps and a way forward","volume":"5","author":"khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyberpolitik J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2016.1185246"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Domestic legal responses to terrorism: An analysis of Pakistan&#x2019;s counterterrorism legislation through the framework of usled international norm creation","volume":"4","author":"raza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of International Affairs"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWS48432.2020.9292388"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119945482.fmatter"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2015.1128163"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2011.03.002"},{"key":"ref50","author":"williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACPO good practice guide for digital evidence (2011)"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyber media and vulnerability: A discourse on cyber laws and a probe on victimization of cybercrimes in Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"munir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Media J Pakistan Ed"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"5","article-title":"Pakistan goes digital: The electronic transactions ordinance as a facilitator growth for e-commerce","volume":"2","author":"blythe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Islamic St Prac Int L"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24088\/IJBEA-2022-71002"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121484"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31703\/grr.2017(II-I).29"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"A critical analysis of the criminal justice system in Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of International Affairs"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"484","article-title":"Analysing different approaches to cross-border electronic evidence data-sharing in criminal matters","author":"watney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Cyber Warfare Secur"},{"key":"ref44","author":"afridi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Action plan 2011 for IT-BPO industry of Pakistan"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2019","journal-title":"E-Services"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"945","article-title":"The U.K. forensic science regulator: A model for forensic science regulation","volume":"34","author":"mccartney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ga St UL Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2019.100008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2022.01.002"},{"key":"ref9","author":"barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity Version 1 1"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26512\/lstr.v13i2.25920"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54692\/ijeci.2022.050383"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"346","article-title":"Digital forensics: Review of issues in scientific validation of digital evidence","volume":"14","author":"arshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cyber security and analysis of cyber-crime laws to restrict cyber crime in Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"haq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Comput Netw Inf Secur"},{"key":"ref82","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research and Development Expenditure"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"From few to many: Main trends in the internationalization of business R&D","volume":"29","author":"dachs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transnational Corporations"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"117","article-title":"The prevention of electronic crimes act 2016: An analysis","volume":"5","author":"khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"LUMS LJ"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78440-3_5"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/isec.2006.30.4.152"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817217715170"},{"key":"ref35","author":"khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Federal investigation agency against the crime of book piracy in Pakistan"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.08.011"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyber security and challenges faced by Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of International Affairs"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22555\/pjets.v5i1.327"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/26107"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of cybercrime and trust on the use of e-commerce technologies: An application of the theory of planned behavior","volume":"13","author":"apau","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ComTech52583.2021.9616847"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31703\/gsr.2021(VI-II).07"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78440-3_6"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"101","article-title":"The offence of abetment liable to capital punishment under the Islamic criminal law and the Pakistan penal code","volume":"8","author":"sarwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al-Azh?r"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99277-8"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"283","article-title":"Evaluation of quality assurance scheme for higher education institutions of Karachi (Pakistan) by the HEC","volume":"30","author":"ayaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics"},{"key":"ref32","author":"lusthaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cybercrime in Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETTLIS.2018.8485190"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01199-3"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25159\/2522-6800\/8112"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3781586"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31580\/jmi.v6i2.566"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3199817"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3169349"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2019.06.046"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"580","article-title":"Professional standards, public protection and the administration of justice","author":"kershaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Science Handbook"},{"key":"ref24","author":"al-husaini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enhancing cloud forensic investigation relationships between law enforcement and local cloud service providers Oman as a case study"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paaa016"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-152"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESDF.2016.079430"},{"key":"ref26","year":"1986","journal-title":"Directory of Criminal Justice Information Sources"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Anti-Cybercrime.2015.7351951"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICGS3.2019.8688020"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"46","article-title":"Digital forensics education modules for judicial officials","author":"hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Nat Cyber Summit"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15394\/jdfsl.2013.1154"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"118","article-title":"Systematic digital forensic investigation model","volume":"5","author":"agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Secur"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000747"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12823"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-9715-5.ch029"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.09.007"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Cyber security policing: Analysing national cyber security policies of India and Pakistan","volume":"40","author":"ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inst Regional Stud"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25299\/itjrd.2022.8968"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"84","article-title":"A socio-technological analysis of cyber crime and cyber security in Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"shaukat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transylvanian Review"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"An extended model of cybercrime investigations","volume":"3","author":"ciardhu\u00e1in","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Digital Evidence"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new approach of digital forensic model for digital forensic investigation","volume":"2","author":"chris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-86"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10105248.pdf?arnumber=10105248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T17:56:53Z","timestamp":1684778213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10105248\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":85,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3268529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}