{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:39:22Z","timestamp":1780479562560,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3279021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T18:45:09Z","timestamp":1684867509000},"page":"51915-51929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Improving LZW Compression of Unicode Arabic Text Using Multi-Level Encoding and a Variable-Length Phrase Code"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4202-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas Abu","family":"Jrai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Ma’an University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6364-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoroq","family":"Alsharari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4266-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laiali","family":"Almazaydeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9239-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Elleithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Abu-Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Digitization of the World From Edge to Core","volume":"16","author":"Reinsel","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/45072.45074"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2018.05.006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-603-2_2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iscc.1997.615995"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ccaa.2017.8229810"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.21917\/ijct.2011.0062","article-title":"Text compression algorithms\u2014A comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Shanmugasundaram","year":"2011","journal-title":"ICTACT J. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-603-2_3"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415796-5.00005-3"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-603-2_4"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/itj.2010.1013.1021"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"85","article-title":"Lossless text compression technique based on static dictionary for unicode Tamil document","volume":"118","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.2009.40"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxr096"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/1799-1767"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"57","article-title":"Dynamic LZW for compressing large files","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Found. Comput. Sci. (FCS)","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/0661-1161519"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2316\/journal.202.2010.3.202-2914"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2007.05.014"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.1997.582003"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.2006.16"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11030172"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14445\/22312803\/ijctt-v49p122"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.1999.785680"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT.2015.7231466"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176393"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Language identification of tweets using LZW compression","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Pacific Northwest Regional NLP Workshop, NW-NLP","author":"Bush"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45358-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","first-page":"56","article-title":"Study on im-pact of changing the nature of data on the overall file compression ratio","volume":"29","author":"Zayyat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assoc. Arab Univ. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"A Survey of Unicode Compression","author":"Ewell","year":"2004"},{"issue":"S08","key":"ref31","first-page":"43","article-title":"Two phase text data compression using new LZW approach with dynamic bit reduction","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Trends Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIP52628.2021.9688595"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON54134.2021.9707201"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref34","first-page":"4013","article-title":"An enhanced low complexity and fast lossless compression technique for textual data","volume":"9","author":"Basha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.i1092.0789s19"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CWIT.2019.8929928"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCT.2012.40"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Usage Report of UTF-8 Broken Down by Content Languages","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2010.24.28"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12988\/ces.2013.13010"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.e2216.039520"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preprocessed text compression method for Malayalam text files","volume":"8","author":"Ta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47836\/pjst.28.4.16"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJICT.2010.032409"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref45","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Improving compression methods for Arabic Text using dedicated character mapping","volume":"5","author":"Alshammar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2016908299"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid technique for Arabic text compression","volume":"15","author":"Awajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccasm.2010.5620082"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECACE.2017.7913022"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.02.006"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644879.1644880"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"282","article-title":"Constructing and using broad-coverage lexical resource for enhancing morphological analysis of Arabic","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Conf. Int. Lang. Resour. Eval. (LREC)","author":"Sawalha"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-019-09464-6"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"A Study of Arabic Letter Frequency Analysis","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242177"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"118","article-title":"OSAC: Open source Arabic corpora","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Electr. Comput. Syst. (EECS)","author":"Saad"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644879.1644881"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5383\/juspn.15.01.002"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35940\/ijrte.f8177.038620"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.08.087"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9483646"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"268","article-title":"Behavioral study of data structures on Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) data compression algorithm and ITS computational complexity","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Comput. Appl.","author":"Nishad"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33564\/ijeast.2020.v04i11.054"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2013.12.442"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"An adaptive LZW compres-sion algorithm using changeable maximum-code-length","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Comput. Inf. Technol.","author":"Chai"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2020.1063"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Usage Statistics and Market Share of Character Encodings for Websites","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Open Source Arabic Language and Text Mining Tools","author":"Saad","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Shakkalli","author":"Sakhar","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref70","first-page":"119","article-title":"Effects of stop words elimination for Arabic information retrieval: A comparative study","volume":"4","author":"El-Khair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10131952.pdf?arnumber=10131952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T04:00:12Z","timestamp":1720152012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10131952\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":70,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3279021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}