{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:46:47Z","timestamp":1778777207740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGC\/FDS24\/E18\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS24\/E18\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007458","name":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. Open access publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library (QNL), Qatar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3285596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T13:20:19Z","timestamp":1686662419000},"page":"61600-61620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and Biosensors in Healthcare and Its Clinical Relevance: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizwan","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), Swabi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazrat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aditya Shekhar","family":"Nittala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawkat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taimoor Muzaffar","family":"Gondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2391-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferhat","family":"Sadak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Institut des Systemes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3363-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Hadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and Integrated Bio-Engineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, U.K"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1975-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheheryar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasem","family":"Al-Tashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8392-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Bermak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanvir","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1321-1317"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7140"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00333-z"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Fall risk screen development for episcopal homes","author":"malwitz","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13264"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104828"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37549\/AR2469"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Evaluation of four artificial intelligence–assisted self-diagnosis apps on three diagnoses: Two-year follow-up study","volume":"22","author":"?irkovi?","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proposed Regulatory Framework for Modifications to Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning (AI\/ML)-Based Software as a Medical Device (SaMD)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119785620.ch11"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-177-2_19"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487575.2487629"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14377"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswa.2022.200160"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"AutoML: A survey of the state-of-the-art","author":"he","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1908 00709"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"33","article-title":"When AIs outperform doctors: Confronting the challenges of a tort-induced over-reliance on machine learning","volume":"61","author":"froomkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arizona Law Review"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11678"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101822"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.50.suppl_1.WMP16"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-03539-1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2005.05.011"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jib-2017-0030"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1122-7"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30087-7"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0947-6_31"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.009"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341162.3348383"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2019.1649215"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002689"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.02.032"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101251"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/htl2.12010"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2864254"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITW.2015.7133169"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"3952","article-title":"Invariant causal imitation learning for generalizable policies","volume":"34","author":"bica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32186-3"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2323"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33050\/atm.v7i1.1819"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02855"},{"key":"ref147","article-title":"Opening the black box of deep neural networks via information","author":"shwartz-ziv","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1703 00810"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7152576"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2018.8531164"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"ChatCAD: Interactive computer-aided diagnosis on medical image using large language models","author":"wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv 2302 07257"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.223312"},{"key":"ref153","article-title":"LaMDA: Language models for dialog applications","author":"thoppilan","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv 2201 08239"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00288-7","article-title":"ChatGPT: Five priorities for research","volume":"614","author":"van dis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324920000601"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"PaLM: Scaling language modeling with pathways","author":"chowdhery","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv 2204 02311"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-092820-114757"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01695-4"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"9269","article-title":"The many Shapley values for model explanation","author":"sundararajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1501","article-title":"Castle: Regularization via auxiliary causal graph discovery","volume":"33","author":"kyono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110190"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"What does explainable AI really mean? A new conceptualization of perspectives","author":"doran","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1710 00794"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063906"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-019-0248-2"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Domain adaptation by using causal inference to predict invariant conditional distributions","volume":"31","author":"magliacane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"23806","article-title":"MIRACLE: Causally-aware imputation via learning missing data mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"kyono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501965"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080562"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010271"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106622"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809523-2.00019-4"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470918"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10788"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376366"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2976687"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3332165.3347892"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070827"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00085"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS48785.2022.9937335"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2019.2959108"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01424"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26442-1"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SHTI220697"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-020-00082-4"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Metrics for explainable AI: Challenges and prospects","author":"hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1812 04608"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.74"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3207207"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.03.016"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2110363.2110408"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.11.1.p008"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"1","article-title":"How transferable are features in deep neural networks?","volume":"27","author":"yosinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0613-y"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5642856"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"762","article-title":"Big data security and privacy issues in healthcare","author":"kupwade patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Congr Big Data"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3101937"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-020-01060-x"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of generative adversarial networks in brain MRI: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Into Imag"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101552"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207358"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X113430"},{"key":"ref137","article-title":"Marginalized denoising autoencoders for domain adaptation","author":"chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"arXiv 1206 4683"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2022.3141697"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"1","article-title":"Supervised representation learning: Transfer learning with deep autoencoders","author":"zhuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 24th Int Joint Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","volume":"27","author":"goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49409-8_34"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13658-4"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stacked denoising autoencoders: Learning useful representations in a deep network with a local denoising criterion","volume":"11","author":"vincent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3882"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00889-5_34"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105136","article-title":"The ENCODE (encyclopedia of DNA elements) project","volume":"306","author":"feingold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1111"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-010-9311-8"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20580"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-011-9429-3"},{"key":"ref140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coupled generative adversarial networks","volume":"29","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.241"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1724-1"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.07.016"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO.2019.8902833"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2013.07.003"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.009","article-title":"Arrhythmia detection using deep convolutional neural network with long duration ECG signals","volume":"102","author":"plawiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457142"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357138"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2017.0066"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd0996"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2941419"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav3294"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2010.04.012"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267268"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01273"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517668"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Global perspectives on economics and healthcare finance","author":"hariharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health Care Issues and Policies"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00388-9"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.001"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2460697"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.707581"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.840262"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104147"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.06.027"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.08.006"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning structured sparsity in deep neural networks","volume":"29","author":"wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-015-9860-5"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2017.087722"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Distilling the knowledge in a neural network","author":"hinton","year":"2015","journal-title":"ArXiv 1503 02531"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/genedge.1.1.23"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning","author":"abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc of USENIX Symp on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2972-3_15"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"Faster neural network training with data echoing","author":"choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 05550"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2016.22.3.156"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812757"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2501-2-3"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05172-4"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119762010.ch7"},{"key":"ref122","article-title":"Towards federated learning at scale: System design","author":"bonawitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1902 01046"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01506-3"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atomwise an AI Company for Drug Discovery Artificial Intelligence for Drug Discovery"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12070113"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2023","journal-title":"Berg A Biotechnology Company to Combat Oncology Neurology and Rare Disease"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2022.3181132"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10149321.pdf?arnumber=10149321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:59:34Z","timestamp":1769493574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10149321\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":156,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3285596","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.22293442","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.22293442.v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.22293442.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.22293442","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}