{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T04:36:36Z","timestamp":1767414996597,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Khalifa University Competitive Internal Research Award","award":["CIRA-2020-053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIRA-2020-053"]}]},{"name":"Alternative Numbering Systems and Fused Arithmetic for Deep Learning Hardware Implementation and System-on-Chip Center","award":["RC2-2018-018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2-2018-018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000028","name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AIHW-2983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIHW-2983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3286299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T17:24:04Z","timestamp":1686763444000},"page":"61264-61272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gradient Estimation for Ultra Low Precision POT and Additive POT Quantization"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huruy","family":"Tesfai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7185-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Qutayri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6063-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baker","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanasios","family":"Stouraitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT48130.2020.9221198"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"A survey of quantization methods for efficient neural network inference","author":"Gholami","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2103.13630"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"512583","volume-title":"Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs","volume":"19","author":"Behrooz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2021.3103192"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2976475"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks using logarithmic data representation","author":"Miyashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1603.01025"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Additive powers-of-two quantization: An efficient non-uniform discretization for neural networks","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1909.13144"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00286"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"7543","article-title":"Improving neural network quantization without retraining using outlier channel splitting","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00363"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.761"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01237-3_23"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"PACT: Parameterized clipping activation for quantized neural networks","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1805.06085"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Learned step size quantization","author":"Esser","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1902.08153"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00356"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Model compression via distillation and quantization","author":"Polino","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.05668"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2023.3272925"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00141"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Quantizing deep convolutional networks for efficient inference: A whitepaper","author":"Krishnamoorthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1806.08342"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_32"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2989428"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Incremental network quantization: Towards lossless CNNs with low-precision weights","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1702.03044"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"BiScaled-DNN: Quantizing long-tailed datastructures with two scale factors for deep neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. 56th ACM\/IEEE Design Autom. Conf. (DAC)","author":"Jain"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00448"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58539-6_26"},{"article-title":"A Survey of Gradient Estimators for Binary Neural Networks for Image Classification kernel Description","year":"2022","author":"So","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00232"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-022-01687-5"},{"volume-title":"Learning Multiple Layers of Features From Tiny Images","year":"2009","author":"Krizhevsky","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards accurate binary convolutional neural network","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"30","author":"Lin"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"DoReFa-Net: Training low bitwidth convolutional neural networks with low bitwidth gradients","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1606.06160"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00495"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Tiny ImageNet visual recognition challenge","volume":"7","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"CS 231N"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Bridging the accuracy gap for 2-bit quantized neural networks (QNN)","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1807.06964"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Technical report: NEMO DNN quantization for deployment model","volume-title":"arXiv:2004.05930","author":"Conti","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10151890.pdf?arnumber=10151890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T10:22:09Z","timestamp":1709288529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10151890\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3286299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2169-3536"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}