{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:12:57Z","timestamp":1772554377208,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3289715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T18:45:12Z","timestamp":1687805112000},"page":"67865-67881","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Arabic Sentiment Analysis and Sarcasm Detection Using Probabilistic Projections-Based Variational Switch Transformer"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Muhammad Ahmed Hassan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging and Diagnostics Laboratory (MIDL), National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3017-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Faizan Hussain","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atif","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Atteia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maali","family":"Alabdulhafith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","first-page":"28","article-title":"Italian irony detection in Twitter: A first approach","author":"barbieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 1st Italian Conf Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMIS.2017.8272990"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-3016"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2940520"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1116"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach","author":"liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 11692"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"392","article-title":"Irony and sarcasm: Corpus generation and analysis using crowdsourcing","author":"filatova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc LREC"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"ALbert: A lite bert for self-supervised learning of language representations","author":"lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1909 11942"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-1004"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3471287.3471293"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1810 04805"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118827628.ch21"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32381-3_16"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2133"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"32","article-title":"From Arabic sentiment analysis to sarcasm detection: The ArSarcasm dataset","author":"farha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 4th Workshop Open-Source Arabic Corpora Process Tools Shared Task Offensive Lang Detection"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.105"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"587","article-title":"Subjectivity and sentiment analysis of modern standard Arabic","author":"abdul-mageed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 49th Annu Meeting Assoc Comput Linguistics Human Lang Technol"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Thumbs up? Sentiment classification using machine learning techniques","author":"pang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arxiv preprint cs\/0203020"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"55","article-title":"Subjectivity and sentiment analysis of modern standard Arabic and Arabic microblogs","author":"mourad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 4th Workshop Comput Approaches Subjectivity Sentiment Social Media Anal"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC52423.2021.9659245"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"A large self-annotated corpus for sarcasm","author":"khodak","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1704 05579"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v4i1.14018"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1005"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"704","article-title":"Sarcasm as contrast between a positive sentiment and negative situation","author":"riloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Conf Empirical Methods Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"370","article-title":"The IDC system for sentiment classification and sarcasm detection in Arabic","author":"israeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNET.2017.8242005"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"107","article-title":"Semi-supervised recognition of sarcasm in Twitter and Amazon","author":"davidov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 14th Conf Comput Natural Lang Learn"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"ARBERT & MARBERT: Deep bidirectional transformers for Arabic","author":"abdul-mageed","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2101 01785"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.wanlp-1.39","article-title":"The effect of Arabic dialect familiarity on data annotation","author":"farha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc The 7th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop (WANLP)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2022.63.1.37"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3124420"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101489"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031743"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/JDM.2021100105"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12105083"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495162"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"364","article-title":"Leveraging offensive language for sarcasm and sentiment detection in Arabic","author":"husain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.108"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijai.v11.i1.pp379-387"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"376","article-title":"Preprocessing solutions for detection of sarcasm and sentiment for Arabic","author":"lichouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7937667"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Benchmarking transformer-based language models for Arabic sentiment and sarcasm detection","author":"farha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1254"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551514534143"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"A comparative study of effective approaches for Arabic sentiment analysis","volume":"58","author":"farha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale","author":"conneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1911 02116"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35143\/jkt.v7i2.4782"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.489"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10040150"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10183260"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"296","article-title":"Overview of the WANLP 2021 shared task on sarcasm and sentiment detection in Arabic","author":"farha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"340","article-title":"A contextual word embedding for Arabic sarcasm detection with random forests","author":"elgabry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAI52525.2021.00177"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4621"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.094","article-title":"AraSenTi-tweet: A corpus for Arabic sentiment analysis of Saudi tweets","volume":"117","author":"al-twairesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Journal of Computer Science"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"ASAD: A Twitter-based benchmark Arabic sentiment analysis dataset","author":"alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2011 00578"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"A large scale corpus of Gulf Arabic","author":"khalifa","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1609 02960"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2012.04.003"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Habibi&#x2014;A multi dialect multi national Arabic song lyrics corpus","author":"el-haj","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2991\/meita-16.2017.60"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Cross lingual Arabic blog alerting (COLABA)","author":"egan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 9th Conf Assoc Mach Transl Americas Government MT User Program"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632188.2632207"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-017-0080-1"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"330","article-title":"A survey on sentiment analysis challenges","volume":"30","author":"el-din mohamed hussein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ -Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17922-8_9"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10443-1"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"SAIDS: A novel approach for sentiment analysis informed of dialect and sarcasm","author":"kaseb","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv 2301 02521"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.22364\/bjmc.2017.5.2.05","article-title":"Comparison of Na&#x00EF;ve Bayes, random forest, decision tree, support vector machines, and logistic regression classifiers for text reviews classification","volume":"5","author":"pranckevicius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Baltic Journal of Modern Computing"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2594194"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"9204","article-title":"Pay attention to MLPs","volume":"34","author":"liu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0029-9_1"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"97","article-title":"NADI 2020: The first nuanced Arabic dialect identification shared task","author":"abdul-mageed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 5th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9651-3_23"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"5232","article-title":"Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity","volume":"23","author":"fedus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1299"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"SemEval-2017 task 4: Sentiment analysis in Twitter","author":"rosenthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1912 00741"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10163795.pdf?arnumber=10163795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T20:56:46Z","timestamp":1702673806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10163795\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3289715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}