{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:23:17Z","timestamp":1776680597777,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ASPIRE Award for Research Excellence, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","award":["AARE20-161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARE20-161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3292302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T17:37:09Z","timestamp":1688492229000},"page":"68324-68339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["A Survey of Indoor and Outdoor UAV-Based Target Tracking Systems: Current Status, Challenges, Technologies, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohannad","family":"Alhafnawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haythem A.","family":"Bany Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"given":"Ala\u2019eddin","family":"Masadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Al-Obiedollah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0868-143X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moussa","family":"Ayyash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing Information and Technology, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA"}]},{"given":"Reyad","family":"El-Khazali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany","family":"Elgala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2017.02.001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3077041"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909530"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MELE.2020.3026505"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21693277.2016.1195304"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10121422"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203386"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSPA.2019.8695991"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2560343"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERVASIVE.2015.7087180"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221279"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2868978"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2877499"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2018.8468611"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAE48301.2019.9043821"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Applications of drones in warehouse operations","author":"Wawrla","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCKE48569.2019.8964761"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9110163"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC50194.2020.9209618"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183035"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6060147"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2495297"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10103661"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.139"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482865.025"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-018-0898-1"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112169"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13070174"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2941452"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcce.2021.11.005"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3115137"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2749125"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.023"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref35","first-page":"241","article-title":"A review on object detection from unmanned aerial vehicle using CNN","volume":"5","author":"Ayalew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Advance Res., Ideas Innov. Technol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2018.03.007"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.01.151"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM46487.2021.9517524"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3016694"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2021-0251"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.855994"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3119855"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031047"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107148"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GNCC42960.2018.9018955"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.028"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030860"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03252"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3049471"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.04.041"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-5739-5"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2022.3204730"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS51884.2021.9476820"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BalkanCom53780.2021.9593232"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028865"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIIoT52608.2021.9454229"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010272"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-018-0909-2"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS48674.2020.9213856"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAgriFor50201.2020.9277630"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC48633.2019.8997436"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00146"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00552"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9562065"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Ultralytics YOLOv8","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2992301"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FUSION49465.2021.9626903"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10343-4"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2021.3072992"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC51589.2020.9327450"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3023733"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759733"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAS49788.2021.9551141"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS51884.2021.9476740"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2658940"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2016.05.020"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3027095"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979561"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759617"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000064"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3075083"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2841376"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2883058"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3073973"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIBD.2018.8396188"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jii.2019.100106"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2007.4454819"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.05.003"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108691017"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900287"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000493"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3001277"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4241"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.005.2100142"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991358"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RED-UAS.2015.7441027"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2994541"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.09.013"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEAM48468.2020.9111975"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS47876.2019.00084"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33846-6_69"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2731382"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989656"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Statist.","author":"McMahan"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647927"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Edge-native intelligence for 6G communications driven by federated learning: A survey of trends and challenges","author":"Al-Quraan","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2111.07392"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3043210"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900656"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938679"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2783901"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145278"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145273"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903554"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.01.023"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Convergence-based exploration algorithm for reinforcement learning","volume":"1","author":"Masadeh","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10172187.pdf?arnumber=10172187","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T02:25:09Z","timestamp":1705026309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10172187\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":115,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3292302","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}