{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:13:26Z","timestamp":1773778406827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"National Research Fund of Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale des Chemins de fer Luxembourgeois","award":["2022\/IS\/17190714\/COMBO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/IS\/17190714\/COMBO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3294110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1689182671000},"page":"83081-83106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Integrating Connected and Automated Shuttles With Other Mobility Systems: Challenges and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elhadja","family":"Chaalal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Guerlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enric","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4446-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","author":"sullivan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regulatory Environment for Commercial Drone Applications Growth Opportunities"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/net.22030"},{"key":"ref59","author":"kinsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drone Delivery More Lift Than You Think"},{"key":"ref58","author":"division","year":"2023","journal-title":"How drones can be used to combat covid-19"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.003"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Global commercial UGV last-mile deliveries growth opportunities","author":"sullivan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref55","author":"fankhauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robotic Package Delivery With ANYmal"},{"key":"ref54","author":"mcfarland","year":"2016","journal-title":"This Mercedes-Benz Van Will Carry a Fleet of Delivery Robots"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Autonomous vehicles for urban deliveries","author":"rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"City Logistics Concepts Policy and Practice"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.02.028"},{"key":"ref46","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malaga Launches Europe&#x2019;s First Trial for Driverless Electric Buses"},{"key":"ref45","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demonstrator Sites"},{"key":"ref48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pilot Sites"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heat The Autonomous Shuttle"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2023","journal-title":"Keolis"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2023","journal-title":"Navya"},{"key":"ref44","year":"2023","journal-title":"Driverless Mobility Service for Community and Spa Guests"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-018-0326-4"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Autonomous delivery vehicles: Why you should care and what you should do","author":"fagan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4603548"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3025670"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.03.018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2022.100623"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Leveraging vehicle connectivity and autonomy to stabilize flow in mixed traffic conditions: Accounting for human-driven vehicle driver behavioral heterogeneity and perception-reaction time delay","author":"li","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2008 04351"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"A cooperative control framework for CAV lane change in a mixed traffic environment","author":"du","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2010 05439"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8319749"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2015.7106967"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.044"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2495\/TDI-V3-N2-152-165"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2019.8883310"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceived safety: A necessary precondition for successful autonomous mobility services","author":"grippenkoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Human Factors and Ergonomics Soc"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.12.026"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473810"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2987467"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.232"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.119792"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecotra.2019.100151"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135469"},{"key":"ref24","author":"medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public support measures for connected and automated driving"},{"key":"ref23","author":"mankins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technology Readiness Levels A White Paper"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CACIS.2019.8825008"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983149"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569615"},{"key":"ref22","author":"anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autonomous vehicle technology a guide for policymakers"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2567-10"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2017.8191028"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2016.7818748"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new approach for coexistence of IEEE 802.11af and IEEE 802.22 systems","author":"\u00fclgen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 26th Signal Process Commun Appl Conf (SIU)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11495628_5"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2021.3106164"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON.2017.7925292"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030648"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50943-9_23"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of automated vehicles on capacity of the German freeway network","volume":"29","author":"hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc ITS World Congr"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom1010002"},{"key":"ref126","first-page":"1","article-title":"CARLA: An open urban driving simulator","author":"dosovitskiy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Conf Robot Learn"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925957"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67361-5_40"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2022.103452"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2849446"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9283462"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The future of road transport","author":"raposo","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020538"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC45102.2020.9294422"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2006.06.001"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.21.1.3"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2010.5650831"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2973615"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"Bus line optimisation using autonomous minibuses","author":"bergqvist","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24109-4_3"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.03.001"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"121","article-title":"A comparative analysis of currently used microscopic and macroscopic traffic simulation software","volume":"34","author":"ratrout","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arabian J Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3042437"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"128","article-title":"Recent development and applications of SUMO-simulation of urban mobility","volume":"5","author":"krajzewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Adv Syst Meas"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.10.004"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6142-6_2","article-title":"Microscopic traffic flow simulator VISSIM","author":"fellendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fundamentals of Traffic Simulation"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1800-10"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2019.8883315"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.06.084"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878112470539"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2542-09"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2016.7543822"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795537"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2016.10.002"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03535-y"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles3020012"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2542-13"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10093118"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2513071"},{"key":"ref81","year":"2022","journal-title":"First Autonomous Shuttle on Flanders Public Roads Runs in the ULaaDS Mechelen Trial"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11750-019-00506-4"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2766682"},{"key":"ref140","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compare 120+ gamification platforms"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120949878"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.07.064"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202129701019"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3048361"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.06.015"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218490"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030550"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.03.003"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2949119"},{"key":"ref74","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frankfurt VGF is Testing a New Cargo Tram Model"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062031"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Development of a design model for integrated passenger and freight transportation systems","author":"jansen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3013286"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.07.043"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Channel measurements over 802.11a-based UAV-to-ground links","author":"yanmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2015.2390920"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles","volume":"4970","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAE Int"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"37","article-title":"Toward a shared urban transport system ensuring passengers & goods cohabitation","volume":"3","author":"trentini","year":"2010","journal-title":"TeMA - Trimestrale del Laboratorio Territorio Mobility Ambiente"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mobility Services The Customer Perspective"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crowd logistics: An opportunity for more sustainable urban freight transport?","volume":"9","author":"rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Transp Res Rev"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.002"},{"key":"ref73","year":"2018","journal-title":"Le TRAMFRET Vers Une Logistique Urbaine Durable"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimization of a city logistics transportation system with mixed passengers and goods","volume":"6","author":"masson","year":"2015","journal-title":"EURO Journal of Transportation and Logistics"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Reconnecting the rural: Autonomous driving as a solution for non-urban mobility","author":"berger","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref68","volume":"441","author":"ghilas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integrating passenger and freight transportation Model formulation and insights"},{"key":"ref119","year":"2018","journal-title":"Preliminary report highway Hwy18mh010"},{"key":"ref67","year":"2022","journal-title":"IATA Economics&#x2019; Chart of the Week The Importance of &#x2018;Preighters&#x2019; Seems to Start to Diminish"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10012-y"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174580"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.297"},{"key":"ref64","year":"2007","journal-title":"Green Paper Towards a New Culture for Urban Mobility"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093190"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEM.2018.8607829"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.06.004"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1746850"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.18757\/ejtir.2019.19.4.4282","article-title":"Mobility impacts of automated driving and shared mobility: Explorative model and case study of the province of North Holland","volume":"19","author":"snelder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Transp Infrastruct Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2021.100718"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2017.03.005"},{"key":"ref60","author":"bringuenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alphabet&#x2019;s Wing Drones&#x2014;The Future of Food Delivery"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/12-02-02-0008"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV47402.2020.9304643"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.03.005"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52840-9_11"},{"key":"ref61","author":"kinsey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drones Take to the Sky Potentially Disrupting Last-Mile Delivery"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2020.2991948"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10181114.pdf?arnumber=10181114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T01:08:19Z","timestamp":1729732099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10181114\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":140,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3294110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}