{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T18:49:37Z","timestamp":1773946177259,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62107027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62107027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62177032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62177032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M692006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M692006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3322454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1696615008000},"page":"112060-112074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Facial Expression Recognition in Educational Research From the Perspective of Machine Learning: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3461-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China"}]},{"given":"Guangxin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4396-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhou","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emotions students’ faces recognition using hybrid deep learning and discrete Chebyshev wavelet transformations","volume":"17","author":"mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113460"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-10004-6","article-title":"Automatic detection of students’ affective states in classroom environment using hybrid convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"ashwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312134"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Spontaneous facial behavior analysis using deep transformer based framework for child–computer interaction","author":"qayyum","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans Multimedia Comput Commun Appl (TOMM)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03200-4"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18494\/SAM.2020.2863"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE52509.2021.9678909"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25417-3_52"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijra.v11i1.pp21-32"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22244-4_12"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T4E.2015.21"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3002-4_10"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2019.02.017"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2522848.2531745"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Facial emotion detection for educational purpose using image processing technique","author":"musa","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131287"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1710852"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013383"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016096"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3155765"},{"key":"ref4","author":"wlodkowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn A Comprehensive Guide for Teaching All Adults"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ASCC56756.2022.9828302"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-009-9020-9"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.10.002"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-018-0080-z"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"256","article-title":"BNU-LSVED: A multimodal spontaneous expression database in educational environment","volume":"9970","author":"sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-011-9182-7"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103797","article-title":"Automatic recognition of student emotions from facial expressions during a lecture","volume":"148","author":"tongu\u00e7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2008-95"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"17","article-title":"Emotion sensors go to school","author":"arroyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2020.3006392"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2868382"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"21","article-title":"SSD: Single shot multibox detector","author":"liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sentiment analysis in education research: A review of journal publications","volume":"31","author":"zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103649"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102423"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08246-7_15"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2366127"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2020.2981446"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.895976"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103817"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2010.09.001"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2016.2607224"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.8379"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/202235502006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3374135.3385263"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2020.06.021"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.02.075","article-title":"Affective database for e-learning and classroom environments using Indian students’ faces, hand gestures and body postures","volume":"108","author":"ashwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2017.08.012"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdss.2022136"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3382507.3417973"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2022.2119734"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3355710"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-014-0430-9"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9037-6"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"5","article-title":"Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement","volume":"3","author":"friesen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Palo Alto"},{"key":"ref18","volume":"2","author":"mehrabian","year":"1968","journal-title":"Communication without words"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477618"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2316163"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cvi.2018.5281"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2018.8615851"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13558-9"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.013"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-019-00722-7"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00716"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11231"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2830593"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.04.052"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-02139-8"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18280\/ts.380333"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"12","article-title":"Affect-driven engagement measurement from videos","volume":"11","author":"abedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4065207"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDS47004.2019.8942386"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01261-8_14"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCS.2018.8525872"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304923"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00693"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"DAiSEE: Towards user engagement recognition in the wild","author":"gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1609 01885"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2886767"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"kirzhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2956143"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.12.003"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM52913.2021.00041"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71084-6_52"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2007.11.004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEIEC.2019.8784559"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Recognition of learners’ cognitive states using facial expressions in e-learning environments","author":"rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Univ Shanghai Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploiting the use of ensemble classifiers to enhance the precision of user’s emotion classification","author":"mano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 16th Int Conf Eng Appl Neural Netw (INNS)"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995710"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2000.840611"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i12.23313"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0380-4"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33407\/itlt.v60i4.1743"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Student facial expression recognition for lecture review","author":"vairale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Res J Eng Technol (IRJET)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105724"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.908927"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11564096_22"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7651-z"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12168007"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2022.3188390"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10273682.pdf?arnumber=10273682","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T19:48:24Z","timestamp":1699300104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10273682\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":108,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3322454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}