{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:03:31Z","timestamp":1779336211613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Human Resource Development Project, Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004425","name":"Asian Development Bank","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STHRD\/CRG\/R1\/SJ\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STHRD\/CRG\/R1\/SJ\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3325293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T18:04:52Z","timestamp":1697565892000},"page":"115836-115853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Current Trends in Human Pupil Localization: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8098-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasanjalee","family":"Rathnayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimantha","family":"Madhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashmini","family":"Jeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanushika","family":"Darshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akila","family":"Subasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhagya Nathali","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshitha Prabath","family":"Wijesinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udaya","family":"Wijenayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2014.305.315"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3044209"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2007.08.005"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.879790"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2015.05.007"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.08.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2378911"},{"key":"ref58","year":"2023","journal-title":"Yale Face Database B | Computer Vision Online"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379157.3391990"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300780"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00053"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206847"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"185","article-title":"Pupil center localization based on mini U-net","author":"donuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Int Artif Intell Data Process Symp (IDAP)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00451"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCASIT55263.2022.9987200"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Detection of Parkinson’s disease through automated pupil tracking of the post-illumination pupillary response","volume":"8","author":"tabashum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers of Medicine"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO53065.2022.9843506"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2018.2886012"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45344-X_14"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.02.009"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EAIT.2011.18"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048415"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/SAIEE.2020.9142605"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168585","article-title":"Robust real-time pupil tracking in highly off-axis images","author":"swirski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Symp Eye Tracking Res Appl"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23192-1_4"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-018-0318-2"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"ElSe: Ellipse selection for robust pupil detection in real-world environments","author":"fuhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv 1511 06575"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2985095"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2010.5634513"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067784"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-019-09502-1"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"79","article-title":"Starburst: A hybrid algorithm for video-based eye tracking combining feature-based and model-based approaches","author":"li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit Workshops"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087470"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2973005"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"PupilNet: Convolutional neural networks for robust pupil detection","author":"fuhl","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1601 04902"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071917"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.66"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"98","article-title":"Eye-tracking studies in visual marketing: Review and prospects","volume":"40","author":"hang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foreign Economics & Management"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54526-4_9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.12.1.3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2782819"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Center for Biometrics and Security Research"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025818"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104290"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020543"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020851"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2021.107193"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"2383","article-title":"Conformal geometric algebra—A new framework for computational geometry","volume":"17","author":"li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comput -Aided Des Comput Graph"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01305-2"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.05.016"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3204493.3204558"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2023","journal-title":"IIT Delhi Iris Database"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2938165"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067765"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"OpenEDS: Open eye dataset","author":"garbin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 03702"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV56688.2023.00105"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.685830"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00386"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.235"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"47","article-title":"Multiscale and nonlinearility convolutional regression for locating the eye’s pupil center","author":"lertsiravarameth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 17th Int Joint Conf Comput Sci Softw Eng (JCSSE)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.09.041"},{"key":"ref32","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mmu iris dataset"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejece.2021.5.2.314"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01931"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.013101"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05984-y"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857520"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578190"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3208031.3208033"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501988.2501994"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Bayesian eye tracking","author":"ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2106 13387"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.9.4.6"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talking Face Video"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.06.002"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0010777900003124"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370364"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-00344-3"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2023","journal-title":"The MUCT Face Database"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/iLRN55037.2022.9815968"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09711-x"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00350"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767470"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12122591"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3105706"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966722"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-021-01644-x"},{"key":"ref27","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioID Face Database | Face Detection Dataset | Facedb"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2020.102682"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"FDDB: A benchmark for face detection in unconstrained settings","author":"jain","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299081"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3000063"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10005208\/10286541.pdf?arnumber=10286541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T19:33:49Z","timestamp":1699904029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10286541\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2023.3325293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}