{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:46:38Z","timestamp":1774716398343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Project Open6GHub","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KISK003K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK003K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3383771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T20:02:46Z","timestamp":1712001766000},"page":"47888-47914","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Joint Radar and Communications: Architectures, Use Cases, Aspects of Radio Access, Signal Processing, and Hardware"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2406-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Shatov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Electrical Smart City Systems (ESCS), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Nuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4480-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Schieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Measurements and Signal Processing Group (EMS), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Pradyumna Kumar","family":"Bishoyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Communications and Computing (MCC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHP—Leibniz-Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"L\u00fcbke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Electrical Smart City Systems (ESCS), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9396-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navid","family":"Keshtiarast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Communications and Computing (MCC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lindenschmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Wireless Communication and Navigation (WICON), RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7151-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Engineering Laboratory (CEL), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiner","family":"Thom\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Measurements and Signal Processing Group (EMS), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Fellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Wireless Communication and Navigation (WICON), RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1459-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Schmalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Engineering Laboratory (CEL), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobile Communications and Computing (MCC), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5005-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans D.","family":"Schotten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2777-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Electrical Smart City Systems (ESCS), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Future Technology Trends of Terrestrial International Mobile Telecommunications Systems Towards 2030 and Beyond","year":"2030"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3313505"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3130030"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Nokia To Lead KOMSENS-6G, Integrating Sensing Into the Communications System","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Joint Communication and Sensing in 6G Networks","author":"Andersson","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsait.2023.3275048"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.010.2100152"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Broadband MIMO testbed for the development and research on 6G","volume-title":"Proc. 27th Eur. Wireless Conf. Eur. Wireless","author":"Nuss"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3122519"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815783"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9642849"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3143454"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053486"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2024.3361173"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc50174.2021.9569364"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3059488"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD58043.2023.10289611"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2023.102929"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3199901"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3294445"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3239220"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3111432"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF52925.2021.00066"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3265367"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2865360"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2131110"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1800242"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3228583"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.08.017"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icce-tw52618.2021.9603070"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Full duplex joint communications and sensing for 6G: Opportunities and challenges","author":"Sheemar","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.07266"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11020172"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD58043.2023.10289229"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2017.2666266"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.01.001"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eucap51087.2021.9411178"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3926\/jairm.127"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123537"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6090250"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"The Mystery of the Gatwick Drone","author":"Shackle","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"New Air Traffic Surveillance Technology","author":"Richards","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091338"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc.2019.8904309"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2869742"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3157371"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3113120"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Distributed Multisensor ISAC","author":"Thoma","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.4408448"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2038974"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2994394"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2100972"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2973976"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2907329"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3037430"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9814639"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eurad54643.2022.9924824"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2022.3169287"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9814573"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3109026"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3170919"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3259725"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc56721.2023.10293888"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3126887"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/radar.2009.4977002"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wcnc.2017.7925924"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121704"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-2501-8"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2998583"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2959881"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472289"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2974708"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2019.2941087"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/radar41533.2019.171379"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2017.2762663"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Modeling and performance analysis of CSMA-based JCAS networks","author":"Keshtiarast","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.15045"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"NOMA for integrating sensing and communications towards 6G: A multiple access perspective","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3182034"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"ML framework for wireless MAC protocol design","author":"Keshtiarast","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.07208"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3280982"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.526899"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2006.871582"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"5127","article-title":"Data-driven estimation of sinusoid frequencies","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Izacard"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3081047"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012934"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccworkshops49005.2020.9145109"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860521"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Grid-free harmonic retrieval and model order selection using deep convolutional neural networks","author":"Schieler","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2211.04846v3"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0016467"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"SubspaceNet: Deep learning-aided subspace methods for DoA estimation","author":"Shmuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.02271"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9814670"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2173446"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2017.7944482"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-022-00947-3"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1263228"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"Advances in Statistical Multisource-Multitarget Information Fusion","author":"Mahler","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.130550"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2641392"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Can deep learning be applied to model-based multi-object tracking?","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.07909"},{"key":"ref100","volume-title":"Design and Analysis of Modern Tracking Systems","author":"Blackman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1979.1102177"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"NR; User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception\u2014Part 1: Range 1 Standalone (Release 18)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"Compliance Verification\/Measurement Method For\u2014Part 30 Devices","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625423"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2021.10.011"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtcspring.2018.8417518"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"An Adaptable Direct RF-Sampling Solution","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6287639\/10380310\/10486914.pdf?arnumber=10486914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T21:12:10Z","timestamp":1712610730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10486914\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":107,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3383771","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}