{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:06:00Z","timestamp":1783937160930,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21H04872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H04872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24H00691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3410025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1717610260000},"page":"80559-80578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Formulation of the Trilemma in Proof of Work Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3270-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taishi","family":"Nakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5147-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiori","family":"Hironaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3939-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Shudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCAIoT51063.2020.9345874"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving scalability and security medical dataset using recurrent neural network and blockchain technology","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Syst., Comput., Autom. Netw. (ICSCAN)","author":"Nilaiswariya"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSSM.2017.7996119"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","first-page":"151","article-title":"The ripple protocol consensus algorithm","volume":"5","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ripple Labs Inc. White Paper"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform","author":"Buterin","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Sharding FAQ, 2017","author":"Buterin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDEW53142.2021.00022"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"SoK: Blockchain decentralization","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2205.04256"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103232"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7566\/jpscp.40.011007"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Spectre: A fast and scalable cryptocurrency protocol","volume":"2016","author":"Sompolinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"95","article-title":"Monoxide: Scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones","volume-title":"Proc. 16th USENIX Symp. Networked Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI)","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3358990"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3200051"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341302.3342082"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"416","article-title":"How many transactions per second can Bitcoin really handle ? Theoretically","volume":"2019","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0011837200003467"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9224731"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"The Meaning of Decentralization","author":"Buterin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243853"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3339252.3339255"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Trifecta: The Blockchain Trilemma Solved","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363213"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3615871"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The curses of blockchain decentralization","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.02937"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Larger-scale Nakamoto-style blockchains don\u2019t necessarily offer better security","author":"Albrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.09895"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain60715.2023.00016"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE56470.2023.10043538"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2019.8845253"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219639"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Bitnodes","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Wondernetwork","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Testmy.net","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_32"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"769","article-title":"Concentration and dependency ratios","volume":"87","author":"Gini","year":"1909","journal-title":"Rivista di Politica Economica"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Quantifying Decentralization, 2017","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Bitcoin Visuals","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Compact Block Relay","author":"Corallo","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC58397.2023.10218308"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3087801.3087809"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"The Bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments","author":"Poon","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10549891.pdf?arnumber=10549891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T20:45:23Z","timestamp":1719348323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10549891\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3410025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}