{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T16:04:23Z","timestamp":1784736263887,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council United Kingdom, Impact Acceleration Accounts","award":["EP\/X525856\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X525856\/1"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science, Innovation and Technology, U.K., through Yorkshire Open-RAN","award":["TS\/X013758\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TS\/X013758\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3412758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T18:38:04Z","timestamp":1718131084000},"page":"81889-81910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Energy Consumption of Machine Learning Enhanced Open RAN: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6661-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Tahmeesschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swarna B.","family":"Chetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2019.2924498"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2017.8088616"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Towards energy efficient RAN: From industry standards to trending practice","author":"Kundu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.11993"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2000041"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3239220"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"O-RAN Architecture Description","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"A1 Interface: General Aspects and Principles 3.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10200477"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Near-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller Near-RT RIC Architecture","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"O-RAN Non-RT RIC Architecture 2.01","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.101.2000014"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008676"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8885478"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"RAN as a service: Challenges of designing a flexible RAN architecture in a cloud-based heterogeneous mobile network","author":"Sabella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Network Mobile Summit"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13083-14"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2773462"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2786226"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2704899"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07231-3"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2022.3146618"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.108.2100659"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.101.2001120"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios for O-RAN Virtualized RAN","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2381215"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500721"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107516"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"O-RAN Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios for O-RAN Virtualized RAN 5.0","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Near-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller Architecture","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"O-RAN Security Requirements Specification 7.0","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Near-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller Architecture E2 General Aspects and Principles","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Non-RT RIC: Functional Architecture","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"A1 Interface: General Aspects and Principles","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"A1 Interface: Application Protocol","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"AI\/ML Workflow Description and Requirements","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-020-01178-4"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"21","article-title":"Supervised learning","volume-title":"Introduction to Machine Learning","author":"Alpaydin","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20544\/horizons.b.04.1.17.p05"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCUBEA.2016.7860040"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326945"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143865"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.3.295"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24211-8","volume":"9","author":"Celebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Unsupervised Learning Algorithms"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988796"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.96.022140"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Accelerating reinforcement learning for dynamic spectrum access in cognitive wireless networks","author":"Morozs","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.07.015"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2020.3004171"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2761740"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.004.2200025"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001658"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.07.007"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach","author":"Hennessy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1810085.1810108"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning both weights and connections for efficient neural network","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"28","author":"Han"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.643"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335698"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"375","article-title":"SyNERGY: An energy measurement and prediction framework for convolutional neural networks on Jetson TX1","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Parallel Distrib. Process. Techn. Appl. (PDPTA)","author":"Rodrigues"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"622","article-title":"NeuralPower: Predict and deploy energy-efficient convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Asian Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Cai"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData47090.2019.9005632"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3221670"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685837"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF52925.2021.00025"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22135029"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3210254"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0002.2100078"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudNet55617.2022.9978863"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC51644.2023.10059966"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10278981"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3254903"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012789"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2023.3266642"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029903"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2009.5379022"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.020212.00049"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3142532"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Enhancing energy efficiency in O-RAN through intelligent xApps deployment","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.10116"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2019.8891410"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118886"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8885818"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3054909"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3128513"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Open RAN Technical Priorities Focus on Energy Efficiency","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref83","volume-title":"Network Energy Saving use Cases Technical Report","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8288125"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2018.8690555"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2019.8935062"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3248291"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2011.6056691"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6963802"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2403327"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488786"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08178-9"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2014.7024759"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"ScalO-RAN: Energy-aware network intelligence scaling in open RAN","author":"Maxenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.05096"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10552840.pdf?arnumber=10552840","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T19:00:16Z","timestamp":1750100416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10552840\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3412758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}