{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:41:24Z","timestamp":1792795284068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":370,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2020\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2020\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-118857RA-100 (ORBALLO)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-118857RA-100 (ORBALLO)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-129433A-C22 (HELENE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-129433A-C22 (HELENE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000043"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TECH\u2013Technology, Environment, Creativity and Health"},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program"},{"name":"PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3435374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T15:43:21Z","timestamp":1722267801000},"page":"116162-116201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["An Overview of Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Towards Human-Centric, Sustainable and Resilient Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4991-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Fraga-Lamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coru&#x00F1;a, A Coru&#x00F1;a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2179-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago M.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coru&#x00F1;a, A Coru&#x00F1;a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3883-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Rosado da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADiT-Lab, Instituto Polit&#x00E9;cnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Ivan","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADiT-Lab, Instituto Polit&#x00E9;cnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Industry 5.0 Towards a Sustainable, Human-Centric and Resilient European Industry","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Securing the Future of German Manufacturing Industry: Recommendations for Implementing the Strategic Initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0","author":"Kagermann","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2015.7288255"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Announcement of the Industrie 4.0 Project in the 2011 Hannover Fair","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Industrie 4.0 Project Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2016.47"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Made in China 2025: Critical Questions","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.09.017"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"100 Radical Innovation Breakthroughs for the Future","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Enabling Technologies for Industry 5.0 Results of a Workshop With Europe\u2019s Technology Leaders","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2802699"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2808326"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2022.3215231"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2021.3125732"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-5-05758"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mitp.2022.3225064"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2021.3097072"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-022-04788-7"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061798"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061961"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2020.3023041"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2020.2986253"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Chainspect Official Webpage","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006078"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/REDUNDANCY48165.2019.9003331"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2953729"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2019.2928178"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Benchmarking Hyperledger Fabric 2.5 Performance","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Polkadot FAQs Official Webpage","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Corda Performance Benchmarking Result Official Webpage","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Are ZK-Rollups The Last Piece of Blockchain\u2019s Scaling Solution Puzzle? Forbes Article","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"What do You Prefer\u2014Maximum Security or Cheaper Transactions? Polygon Labs","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Avalanche\u2019s HyperSDK Blockchain Upgrade Hits 143K TPS on Testnet. Cointelegraph","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Analyzing Cosmos TPS: Performance, Comparisons, and Alternatives","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Kaspa on Rust: Evolving Testnet 11","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"What is IOTA","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Understanding EOS & EOSIO","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Cardano Hydra: How Cardano\u2019s Scaling Solution Liberates ADA","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Gemini Ignite (Tendermint) and The Cosmos Network","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2021.100026"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Security evaluation of GoQuorum-based smart contracts: A case study of malfunctioning access control and double-spending","author":"Slager","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"10:1","article-title":"Security analysis of ripple consensus","volume-title":"Proc. 24th Int. Conf. Princ. Distrib. Syst. (OPODIS)","volume":"184","author":"Amores-Sesar"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS49042.2020.9191430"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Exonum Official Webpage","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3186892"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164371"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"125","article-title":"Industry 5.0 The expected impact of next industrial revolution","volume-title":"Proc. MakeLearn & TIIM Conf.","author":"Paschek"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.009.2100570"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Report on The 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Soc. 5.0: Co-Creating Future","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"The European Green Deal","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Commission, Industry 5.0: A Transformative Vision for Europe, ESIR Policy Brief No.3"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175745"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2020.2977589"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 Supply Disruptions on Exporters in Global Value Chains","author":"Lebastard","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"How is the War in Ukraine Impacting the Global Supply Chain","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref59","volume":"301","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Israel-Hamas War, oil price volatility, and anticipated impacts: Implications for Korean industries"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s42214-021-00102-z"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2022.08.003"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142271"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422488"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2023.08.023"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Millennials at Work Reshaping Workplace","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2018.2816299"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.85"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.3571064"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2200809"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911031"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068178"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2023.3299492"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946988"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970576"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2023.3298609"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3021502"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2023.3277923"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy","author":"Swan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2956748"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2959771"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tr.2020.3047833"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2021.3097440"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011213"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897045"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3007817"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895302"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASI.2018.8394531"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2020.3005729"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.2020.3040789"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907695"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3139582"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983558"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2022.3185661"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-5-05757"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3087608"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsc.2023.3272770"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2023.3279893"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iotm.001.2100045"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2016.7945805"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163477"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2020.2964224"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983601"},{"key":"ref106","volume-title":"European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7020079"},{"key":"ref108","volume-title":"United Manufacturing Hub","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref109","volume":"2","author":"Koomey","year":"2007","journal-title":"A simple model for determining true total cost of ownership for data centers"},{"key":"ref110","volume-title":"Deploying an effective server life-cycle strategy will minimize costs: Leasing is a valuable tool","author":"Middleton","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00197"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics4040763"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165607"},{"key":"ref114","volume-title":"Ethereum Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref115","volume-title":"Ripple\u2019s Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref116","volume-title":"EWF\u2019s Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref117","volume-title":"Corda\u2019s Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref118","volume-title":"Hyperledger Fabric Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3028101"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2022.100092"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCS.2021.3049330"},{"key":"ref122","volume-title":"Monero\u2019s Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref123","volume-title":"Litecoin Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref124","volume-title":"Multichain White Paper","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2017.8216159"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8122594"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.3034216"},{"key":"ref128","volume-title":"These Facts Show How Unsustainable the Fashion Industry IS","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.05.012"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48000-7_29"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3065880"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGCC.2014.7039171"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudCom.2014.137"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2020054024"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCSim.2012.6266934"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2013.92"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108292"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900526"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900008"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"The Mini-Blockchain Scheme","author":"Bruce","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968985"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091978"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010015"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052686"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872722"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922992"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3066503"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986257"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines11050522"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2018.8494395"},{"key":"ref152","volume-title":"3D Opportunity for Blockchain","author":"Trouton","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref153","volume-title":"3D-TOKEN Official Web Site","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref154","volume-title":"DON Innovator Embraces a New Disruptive Technology: Blockchain","author":"McCarter","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref155","volume-title":"Methods and systems for implementing distributed ledger manufacturing history","author":"Freer","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref156","volume-title":"LINK3D Official Web Site","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE.2018.8436315"},{"key":"ref158","volume-title":"NXT\u2019s Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref159","volume-title":"Counterparty Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992698"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/blockchain.2019.00027"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNTE44896.2019.8946031"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2993072"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10249073"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010439"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2016.31"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/et.2016.0321"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2017.7915547"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566970"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC-ScalCom.2014.131"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2010.1301"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2014.146"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNAC50341.2020.9315048"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969990"},{"key":"ref175","volume-title":"RNDR Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref176","volume-title":"Decentraland Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref177","volume-title":"VibeHub Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref178","volume-title":"The Lucyd Story: Augmented Eyeware Backed The Blockchain","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref179","volume-title":"Matryx Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref180","volume-title":"Verses Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2510665"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2017.2649104"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CBI.2017.8"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPHYS.2018.8387630"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984675"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3014864"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799205"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPHYS.2018.8390792"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207344"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.1900080"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-7-08207"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-6-06577"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics5020037"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOLI48380.2019.8955075"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113048"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjimei.2020.100001"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2014.2381357"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1999.770061"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2773127"},{"key":"ref200","volume-title":"Kollmorgen Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref201","volume-title":"Atlas Copco Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1003517"},{"key":"ref203","volume-title":"Kiva Systems (Now Amazon Robotics) Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2018.2846278"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125156"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2013.6496959"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RED-UAS.2017.8101648"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0011.1900093"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2019.2959230"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3023920"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2018.032501742"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2812176"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048169"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292724"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2020.2996161"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.67"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2960526"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2017.7993927"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2871449"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3033482"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3032544"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3095078"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities6040088"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5979-8"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloudW.2017.79"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID.2017.7945583"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010028"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/64844"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2021.100620"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics6010015"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115101"},{"key":"ref232","volume-title":"Association of Supply Chain Management","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.219"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43662-8_52"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/cisti54924.2022.9820491"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.04.013"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0009889705010508"},{"key":"ref238","first-page":"111","article-title":"Importance of traceability in food supply chain for brand protection and food safety systems implementation","volume":"34","author":"Chhikara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Biol."},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x211052858"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0010482503680376"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063321"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/cisti52073.2021.9476327"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icis.2018.8466516"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00748-4"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0009463803300337"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/cisti54924.2022.9820241"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109347"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054574"},{"key":"ref249","volume-title":"What is the Kyoto Protocol","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref250","volume-title":"FACT SHEET 2 Carbon Markets. Carbon Markets\u2014An Overview","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.06.004"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118495"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.074"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITIIT49094.2020.9071536"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104021"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccwamtip53232.2021.9674144"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA56895.2022.10017504"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en16062606"},{"key":"ref259","volume-title":"European Commission, Renewable Energy Targets, Renewable Energy Directive 2018\/2001\/EU","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref260","volume-title":"International REC Standard Foundation, Understanding EAC Schemes and Roadmaps for Their Development, Report Submitted as Per the Agreement Between the I-REC Standard Foundation and the United Nations Development Program","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBCTIS55569.2022.00047"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.111212"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108223"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72986-2_3"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100126"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIC57335.2023.10044181"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108854"},{"key":"ref269","volume-title":"How Coronavirus Could Impact the Global Supply Chain by Mid-March","author":"Haren","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref270","volume-title":"Shaping Sourcing and Procurement in a Post-COVID Environment","author":"Kutzner","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ramj-08-2020-0047"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2017.4121227"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2684916"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030643"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/214805"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101595"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030465"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7120405"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2015.7372918"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072052"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2700268"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072198"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071616"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/FRUCT.2017.8250199"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2786307"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPS48405.2020.9274708"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793265"},{"key":"ref288","volume-title":"Gridcoin Official Web Site","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/brains52497.2021.9569794"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iemcon.2019.8936147"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccosite57641.2023.10127771"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ghtc55712.2022.9910985"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/aces-china56081.2022.10065296"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Confluence52989.2022.9734193"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICICT54557.2022.9917659"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488719"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT49345.2020.9166389"},{"key":"ref298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3184965"},{"key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.01.017"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT48778.2020.9115738"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cictn57981.2023.10141282"},{"key":"ref302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429324932"},{"key":"ref303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2020.2998479"},{"key":"ref304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iwcmc48107.2020.9148566"},{"key":"ref305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mitp.2019.2949165"},{"key":"ref306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102549"},{"key":"ref307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31952-5_10"},{"key":"ref308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74575-2_1"},{"key":"ref309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500496"},{"key":"ref310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW55150.2022.00008"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-01023-w"},{"key":"ref312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCEM48484.2019.00011"},{"key":"ref313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPEL52922.2021.9645973"},{"key":"ref314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECACE.2019.8679442"},{"key":"ref315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.003.2100522"},{"key":"ref316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23062914"},{"key":"ref317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100204"},{"key":"ref318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2019.8914304"},{"key":"ref319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.3051335"},{"key":"ref320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA\/IUCC.2017.00065"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCS.2017.26"},{"key":"ref322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908780"},{"key":"ref323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101094"},{"key":"ref324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113543"},{"key":"ref325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113868"},{"key":"ref326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016213"},{"key":"ref327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2015.207"},{"key":"ref328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3053230"},{"key":"ref329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984378"},{"key":"ref330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3165614"},{"key":"ref331","volume-title":"Original Scrypt Function for Tarsnap","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/LEDGER.2017.48"},{"key":"ref333","volume-title":"X11 Official Documentation for Dash","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218500"},{"key":"ref335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2017.2716953"},{"key":"ref336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2827203"},{"key":"ref337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2958788"},{"key":"ref338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30114-1_21"},{"key":"ref339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016280"},{"key":"ref340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWS.2017.54"},{"key":"ref341","volume-title":"The Quest for Scalable Blockchain Fabric: Proof-of-Work vs. BFT Replication","author":"Vukoli\u0107","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005102804260431"},{"key":"ref343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-4075-5_10"},{"key":"ref344","volume-title":"Sharding Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref345","volume-title":"Raiden Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref346","volume-title":"MicroRaiden Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref347","volume-title":"LightningNetwork Official Web Page","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3131419"},{"key":"ref349","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Plasma: Scalable autonomous smart contracts","author":"Poon","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2021.3059959"},{"key":"ref351","volume-title":"Homomorphic Mini-Blockchain Scheme","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044991"},{"key":"ref353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.3571056"},{"key":"ref354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2935149"},{"key":"ref355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2020.3026731"},{"key":"ref356","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd USENIX Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implement.","author":"Castro"},{"key":"ref357","first-page":"120","article-title":"Non-determinism in Byzantine fault-tolerant replication","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Princ. Distrib. Syst. (OPODIS)","author":"Cachin"},{"key":"ref358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW.2017.46"},{"key":"ref359","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Blockchain Standards Association"},{"key":"ref360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2021.9599622"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2023.10289681"},{"key":"ref362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2024.10531234"},{"key":"ref363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.2021.9381780"},{"key":"ref364","volume-title":"ISO\/TC 307","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref365","volume-title":"CEN-CLC\/JTC 19","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref366","volume-title":"ETSI ISG PDL","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref367","volume-title":"ITU-T Focus Group on DLTs","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref368","volume-title":"Global Standards Mapping Initiative: An Overview of Blockchain Technical Standards","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2019.101333"},{"key":"ref370","volume-title":"European Union Blockchain Observatory and Forum","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10614164.pdf?arnumber=10614164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:04:01Z","timestamp":1725235441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10614164\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":370,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3435374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}