{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:39:58Z","timestamp":1783010398876,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3441725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T17:35:53Z","timestamp":1723484153000},"page":"113336-113360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Control Plane Performance Benchmarking and Feature Analysis of Popular Open-Source 5G Core Networks: OpenAirInterface, Open5GS, and free5GC"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariro","family":"Mukute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6334-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lusani","family":"Mamushiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert A.","family":"Lysko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8915-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena-Ramona","family":"Modroiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5413-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Magedanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Next Generation Networks, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Mwangama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"ETSI","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"3GPP TS 38.401 ETS","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387514.3406218"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/APNOMS.2019.8893044"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292535"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT52962.2021.9657903"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NFV-SDN56302.2022.9974798"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM52442.2021.9615553"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN53733.2021.9686094"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544216.3544267"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"5G Core Network","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Free5GC","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Open5GS","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Open5gcore","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A decompositional approach to computer system performance evaluation","author":"Brown","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HOTOS.1999.798385"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring safety critical latency sources using Linux kernel eBPF tracing","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. Archit. Comput. Syst.","author":"Thomeczek"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"5G Core Network Traffic Generator","author":"Mukute","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Profiling and tracing in Linux","volume-title":"Proc. Extreme Linux Workshop","volume":"2","author":"Shende"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Performance Benchmarking of 5G Core Networks","author":"Mukute","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"3GPP Release 15","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"System Architecture for the 5G System","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3093213"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"System Architecture for the 5G System (5GS)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Procedures for the 5G System (5GS)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"System; Restoration Procedures","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Telecommunication Management; Charging Management; 5G System; Services, Operations and Procedures of Charging Using Service Based Interface (SBI)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Security Architecture and Procedures for 5G System","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Completeness Evaluation of 5G Core Networks","author":"Mukute","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM.2017.8256024"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT.2016.7571957"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Zero copy packet processing","author":"Ploten","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"Professional Linux Kernel Architecture","author":"Mauerer","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","first-page":"38","article-title":"Operating system process management and the effect on maintenance: A comparison of Linux, freebsd, and Darwin","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"INFOCOMP J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"BPF Performance Tools","author":"Gregg","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles","volume":"9","author":"Stallings","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft48620.2020.9165393"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.296"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Choosing a Linux Tracer","author":"Gregg","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Characterization of interrupt handling in board management controllers","author":"Oberd\u00f6rfer","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Efficient techniques for program performance analysis","author":"Pavela","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"UERANSIM","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109301"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Epoll\u2014Efficiently Handling Large Number of File Descriptors","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparing and evaluating epoll, select, and poll event mechanisms","volume-title":"Proc. Linux Symp. 2004","author":"Gammo"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Clock Nanosleep(2) Linux Manual Page","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Futex(2)\u2014Linux Manual Page","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Landing a New Syscall: What is Futex?","author":"Almeida","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Read(2)\u2014Linux Manual Page","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Write(2)\u2014Linux Manual Page","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Blocking I\/O, Nonblocking I\/O, and Epoll","author":"Eklitzke","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Recv(2)\u2014Linux Manual Page","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"59","article-title":"A framework for comparative evaluation of high-performance virtualized networking mechanisms","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Int. Conf.","author":"Ara"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS.2014.6837608"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Network and storage stack specialisation for performance","author":"Marinos","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Send, Sendto, Send Message\u2013Send a Message on a Socket","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Sched_Yield\u2013Yield the Processor","author":"Kerrisk","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Mechanisms for network service dynamics and performance","author":"Huici","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"No Nuances, Just Buggy Code (Related to Spinlock Implementation and the Linux Scheduler)","author":"Torvalds","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10633278.pdf?arnumber=10633278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1725163854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10633278\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3441725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}