{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:38:52Z","timestamp":1780357132534,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SOCYTI Project through the Research Council of Norway as a Researcher Project for Technological Convergence related to Enabling Technologies","award":["331736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["331736"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3452987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T17:49:52Z","timestamp":1725299392000},"page":"121507-121537","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Enhancing Multilingual Hate Speech Detection: From Language-Specific Insights to Cross-Linguistic Integration"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2526-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehtesham","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sule","family":"Yildirim Yayilgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICT and Natural Sciences (IIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ålesund, M\u00f8re og Romsdal, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5264-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Mudassar Yamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohib","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abomhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-1214-8.ch017"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00529-z"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09169-6"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-020-09502-8"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Countering Online Hate Speech","author":"Gagliardone","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12694\/scpe.v24i4.2469"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471740039.vec2533"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00561-0"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2930971.2930976"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0586-4_37"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIRD.2018.8376299"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2019.0100678"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10234-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212270120"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcss.2023.3252401"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-022-01096-4"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v13i2.pp1979-1988"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMDI57622.2023.00028"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120564"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2023.0140542"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2023.2166719"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17007-z"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10419-1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15020099"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3389497"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3605098.3635964"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121115"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123174"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2024.826"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00693-x"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"BERTIN: Efficient pre-training of a Spanish language model using perplexity sampling","author":"de la Rosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2207.06814"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1377"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"190","article-title":"Fusion@BioASQ MedProcNER: Transformer-based approach for procedure recognition and linking in Spanish clinical text","volume-title":"Proc. Work. Notes CLEF","author":"Vassileva"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-023-01051-6"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.14991"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326028"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111440"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00502"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052694"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2022.2123094"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15020093"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"ERNIE: Enhanced representation through knowledge integration","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1904.09223"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121228"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"The ethics of interaction: Mitigating security threats in LLMs","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.12273"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13370"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12122722"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-024-01392-5"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-023-09637-4"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214654"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114762"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.08.032"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/books.aaccademia.4497"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.119446"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40852-6_10"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Results of the poleval 2019 shared task 6: First dataset and open shared task for automatic cyberbullying detection in Polish Twitter","author":"Ptaszynski","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-023-09657-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref61","first-page":"249","article-title":"A critical study of pragmatic ambiguity detection in natural language requirements","volume":"11","author":"Satpute","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl. Eng."},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Bayesian optimization in Alphago","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1812.06855"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01199"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175841"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13071305"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3381038"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0011114900003179"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Maintaining plasticity in continual learning via regenerative regularization","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.11958"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Electra: Pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.10555"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-024-01245-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref72","first-page":"5485","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Scaling instruction-finetuned language models","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2210.11416"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00343"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICT59525.2023.10313167"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3468914"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i2.27863"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13222-023-00438-1"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414524"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3347591"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386244"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429027192-11"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECT61618.2024.10581058"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10662891.pdf?arnumber=10662891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T17:55:33Z","timestamp":1741974933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10662891\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3452987","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}