{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:09:17Z","timestamp":1780510157630,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commonwealth of Australia as represented by the Defence Science and Technology Group of the Department of Defence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3500134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T18:58:20Z","timestamp":1731956300000},"page":"170980-170993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficient Hardware Implementation of a Multi-Layer Gradient-Free Online-Trainable Spiking Neural Network on FPGA"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mehrabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeshwanth","family":"Bethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wabnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Group, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-3745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"On Computable Numbers, With an Application To the Entscheidungsproblem","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/85.238389"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/29.21701"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00011-7","article-title":"Networks of spiking neurons: The third generation of neural network models","volume":"10","author":"Maass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1996.8.3.531"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200110000-00001"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290152001880"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Toward next-generation artificial intelligence: Catalyzing the NeuroAI revolution","author":"Zador","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2210.08340"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00658-0","article-title":"Error-backpropagation in temporally encoded networks of spiking neurons","volume":"48","author":"Bohte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1643"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040233"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"119","article-title":"Resume learning method for spiking neural networks dedicated to neuroprostheses control","volume-title":"Proc. EPFL LATSIS Symp., Dyn. Principles Neurosci. Intell. Biomimetic Devices","author":"Ponulak"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2404938"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2931595","article-title":"Surrogate gradient learning in spiking neural networks: Bringing the power of gradient-based optimization to spiking neural networks","volume":"36","author":"Neftci","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01086"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Long short-term memory and learning-to-learn in networks of spiking neurons","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","volume":"31","author":"Bellec","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17236-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","first-page":"12829","article-title":"Event-based backpropagation can compute exact gradients for spiking neural networks","volume-title":"Sci. Rep.","volume":"11","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13276"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2015.00099"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2016.7727213"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030031"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2017.12.005"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207239"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2826721"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2903179"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766054796888"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.11-08-901"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00396"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2797801"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1006168"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3182\/20120403-3-DE-3010.00074","article-title":"FPGA implementation of spiking neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Rosado-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Volumes"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00014","article-title":"An FPGA implementation of a polychronous spiking neural network with delay adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers Neurosci."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"An optimised deep spiking neural network architecture without gradients","author":"Bethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2109.12813"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01047"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00568"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3172212"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2574707"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40295-018-00140-5"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3009687"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-2021-0_17"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2979761"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061600","article-title":"Event-based feature extraction using adaptive selection thresholds","volume":"20","author":"Afshar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00377"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2416391"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.821157"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00420"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"A digital neuromorphic auditory pathway","author":"Xu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125210"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Github Repository: Digits Recognition SNN","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Github Repository: Iris ODESA Final","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10755039.pdf?arnumber=10755039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:30:42Z","timestamp":1737441042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10755039\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3500134","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}