{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:58:50Z","timestamp":1776085130834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3503059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T19:06:14Z","timestamp":1732129574000},"page":"173714-173733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gaze-Driven Adaptive Learning System With ChatGPT-Generated Summaries"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5789-8858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayasankar","family":"Santhosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SDS Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6100-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Dengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SDS Department, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5374-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoya","family":"Ishimaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Student Engagement Techniques: A Handbook for College Faculty","author":"Barkley","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7089-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving student engagement","volume":"14","author":"Parsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Issues Educ."},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Strategies That Work: Teaching Comprehension for Understanding and Engagement","author":"Harvey","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Comprehension That Works: Taking Students Beyond Ordinary Understanding To Deep Comprehension","author":"Brassell","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0108-x"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1536","article-title":"A dashboard for affective e-learning: Data visualization for monitoring online learner emotions","volume-title":"Proc. EdMedia+ Innovate Learn.","author":"Aghaei"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11479-6"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00289-4"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Towards goal-oriented intelligent tutoring systems in online education","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.10053"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i9.26275"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i21.30365"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"105","article-title":"Adaptive e-learning","volume-title":"Aptitude","author":"Shute","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.11.009"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315588391"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.11.005"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3390593"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581574"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13070632"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2021.2025379"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.09.005"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3279428"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104561"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/4459"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3208031.3208034"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3311268"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544793.3560329"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3350745"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2930238.2930371"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3139513.3139514"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3357786"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS61268.2023.00018"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV52889.2021.00028"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351229"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03216875"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3293827"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2017.378"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56689-3_14"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Interactive Digital Textbooks and Engagement: A Learning Strategies Framework","author":"Bikowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.021"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09338-x"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09639284.2020.1867874"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18844\/cerj.v9i3.4269"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v14i4.48847"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45170-6_27"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3610876"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN54338.2022.00026"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3321337"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3105706"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479357"},{"issue":"113","key":"ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classroom analytics: Measuring student engagement with automated gaze tracking","volume":"49","author":"Bidwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3358695.3361748"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmes.2023.023234"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_5"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW63382.2024.00068"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3305584"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29857-8_3"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13121216"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v18i13.39329"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIPTM59628.2024.10563448"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56294\/dm2023164"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info15050277"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13076-8"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensing learner interest through eye tracking","volume-title":"Proc. 9th IT & T Conf.","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01454"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2188398"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a new generation of intelligent, adaptive e-learning platforms","volume":"17","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Digit. Syst."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3276439"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"A survey of large language models","author":"Xin Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.18223"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53761\/1.20.02.07"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11834-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref73","first-page":"30","article-title":"Outcomes of large language models and artificial intelligence in education","volume":"3","author":"Morosanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Didactica Danubiensis"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3657604.3662040"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649217.3653594"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100199"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636555.3636883"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"Analyzing LLM usage in an advanced computing class in India","author":"Garg","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.04603"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON60312.2024.10578654"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100130"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13558-9"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.858411"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3066072"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-023-09617-9"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajce.v13i1.1204"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-64299-9_13"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10758626.pdf?arnumber=10758626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T18:17:27Z","timestamp":1732731447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10758626\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":89,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3503059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}