{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1781230003067,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3505754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T18:49:07Z","timestamp":1732560547000},"page":"176615-176629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Strategies and Challenges for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Continuous Inspection and Predictive Maintenance of Solar Modules"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghulam E.","family":"Mustafa Abro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Aviation & Space Exploration (IRCASE), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5592-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufyan","family":"Ali Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Defense Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8122-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayab","family":"Din Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Design and Creative Technology Vertical, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faheem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2017.2703681"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30573\/KS--2022-DP19","volume-title":"Baseline forecasts of carbon dioxide emissions for Saudi Arabia using the structural time series model and autometrics","author":"Gasim","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2019.8863319"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13092169"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.05.024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.03.033"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114810"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Review on infrared and electroluminescence imaging for PV field applications","author":"Ulrike","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194067"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.04.049"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimierung thermografischer fehleranalyseverfahren auf multi-MW-PV- kraftwerke","volume-title":"Proc. 26th PV-Symp.","author":"Weinreich"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tie.2015.2475235"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1784\/204764212800028842"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40095-014-0149-6"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.05.027"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"2021","article-title":"AIR-PV-check of thin-film PV-plantsdetection of PID and other defects in CIGS modules","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Eur. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib.","author":"Buerhop-Lutz"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.772.546"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2019.8810987"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","first-page":"457","article-title":"On the detection of hot spots in operating photovoltaic arrays through thermal image analysis and a simulation model","volume":"71","author":"Tsanakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Eval."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819610-6.00003-X"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Review of failures of photovoltaic modules","author":"K\u00f6ntges","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.09.066"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles in photovoltaic systems monitoring applications","volume-title":"Proc. 29th Eur. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib.","author":"Aghaei"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186223"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/201911900021"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"17","article-title":"Fault inspection by aerial infrared thermography in a PV plant after a meteorological tsunami","volume":"10","author":"Aghaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Energ. Sol."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Novel methods control monitoring photovoltaic system","author":"Aghaei","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2014.2323714"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2015.7165466"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2016.7750236"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphotov.2020.3033777"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Digital Image Processing","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tla.2015.7387242"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17795-9_10"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Automatic fault detection of photovoltaic array by convolutional neural networks during aerial infrared thermography","volume-title":"Proc. 36th Eur. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib.","author":"de Oliveira"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2017.11.007"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Uso de Descritores Morf\u00f3lgicos e Cinem\u00e1ticos na Identifi\u00e7\u00e3o Autom\u00e1tica de comportamentos de animais de Laborat\u00f3rio","author":"Junior","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Deep learning in neural networks: An overview","author":"Schmidhuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1404.7828"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7068349"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRERA.2016.7884415"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115217"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC48513.2020.9065065"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112412093"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1083\/ac890b"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477658"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3479"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13246496"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/M2GARSS52314.2022.9840254"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.10.046"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125902"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092252"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsase.2021.100576"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones2040041"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3191"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.079"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Study of defects in PV modules: UV fluorescence and thermographic photography for photovoltaics (PV) field application","author":"Nylund","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1736","article-title":"Outdoor electroluminescence imaging of crystalline photovoltaic modules: Comparative study between manual ground-level inspections and drone-based aerial surveys","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Eur. Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib.","author":"Koch"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2017.2674977"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2952261"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114315"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3063461"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2865403"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113802"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105459"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2020.1542"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.01.148"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2022.3202072"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041835"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.05.029"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3194547"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3376589"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/JSUED2.SUENG-1458"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e23983"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202449604004"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.109633"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2024.113110"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051450"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EM00480E"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3355061"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105323"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020331"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2017.0001"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.122752"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17102260"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17174458"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16091184"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS-IoT61029.2024.00053"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref89","first-page":"33","article-title":"Privacy and cybersecurity challenges in the era of UAV data collection","volume":"1","author":"Benish","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cybersecur. Privacy"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"Role of artificial intelligence aided inspection methods for sustainable periodic maintenance and renovation of renewable energy systems project","author":"Shubham","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2023.102379"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.041866"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.123332"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2024.3359462"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109143"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8684-2_12"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"110","article-title":"IoT system for thermographic data acquisition of photovoltaic installations","volume-title":"Proc. Ibero-Amer. Congr. Smart Cities","author":"Cardinale-Villalobos"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23218780"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"Automatic detection, classification and localization of defects in large photovoltaic plants using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based infrared (IR) and RGB imaging","volume":"276","author":"Kuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17153731"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105424"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8060233"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111744"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref104","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Solar panel failure detection by infrared UAS digital photogrammetry: A case study","volume":"10","author":"Cardinale-Villalobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Renew. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-52517-9_2"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78901-5_3"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22214\/ijraset.2021.38532"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFTSC57269.2022.10039812"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10380310\/10767177.pdf?arnumber=10767177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T07:33:12Z","timestamp":1733297592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10767177\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":108,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3505754","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}