{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:51:49Z","timestamp":1790880709568,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Long-Term Conceptual Development of Research Organization (2024) at Skoda Auto University, Czech Republic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3520248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T19:32:52Z","timestamp":1734636772000},"page":"1249-1284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Devanagari Character Recognition: A Comprehensive Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6412-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latesh","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government College of Engineering, Nagpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6410-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonakshi","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debotosh","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mita","family":"Nasipuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondrej","family":"Krejcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Skoda Auto University, Mlada Boleslav, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(86)90040-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.156468"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767545"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.156472"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824821"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"138","article-title":"Character recognition","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Srihari","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"473","article-title":"Modern optical character recognition","volume-title":"The Froehlich\/Kent Encyclopedia Telecommunication","author":"Nagy","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Kurzweil Reading Machine for the Blind","author":"Kurzwei","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(97)00084-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90116-3"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(88)90042-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.1988.28196"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Document Image Analysis","author":"Gorman","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.406657"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(76)90037-6"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00118-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.824821"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2007.314"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(95)00071-N"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(93)90168-V"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01450853"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.736691"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90111-W"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047134608x.w5508"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.57669"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.156478"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2017.0184"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26438\/ijcse\/v6i11.753758"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24055-3_28"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"2711","article-title":"Challenges in recognition of devanagari scripts due to segmentation of handwritten text","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Comput. Sustain. Global Develop. (INDIACom)","author":"Bathla"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4031738"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46243\/jst.2022.v7.i01.pp1-16"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/InC457730.2023.10263251"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48175\/IJARSCT-8863"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/21566-4600"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/871834"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","first-page":"473","article-title":"Review on devanagari character recognition","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJRAR-Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i4.19.28285"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variety threshold treatment for handwritten devanagari word","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Nat. Conf. Comput. Appl.","author":"Guruprasad"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8971-8_27"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsip.2015.8.7.05"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-021-00597-8"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"8887","article-title":"Research survey on skew detection of Devanagari script","volume":"975","author":"Jundale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.03.147"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4859-3_3"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESA.2015.7503396"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02935942"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.51983\/ajeat-2019.8.1.1060","article-title":"Character segmentation and skew correction for handwritten devanagari scripts: A friends technique","volume":"8","author":"Bathla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Eng. Appl. Technol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26832-3_21"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref50","first-page":"75","article-title":"Skew angle detection of a cursive handwritten Devanagari script character image","volume":"82","author":"Kapoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505377.2505386"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.24"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13318-9"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"354","article-title":"Character recognition with histogram band analysis of encoded string and neural network","volume-title":"Proc. 4th WSEAS Int. Conf. Inf. Secur., Commun. Comput.","author":"Deshpande"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2710018"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.37622\/IJAER\/13.12.2018.10539-10550","article-title":"Effective thinning algorithm for recognition of handwritten Devanagari compound characters using neural network","volume":"13","author":"Yawalkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of pixel neighborhood based offline handwritten thinning framework for Devanagari numeral script using Elman neural network","volume":"14","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Secur."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref58","first-page":"253","article-title":"Segmentation of characters of devanagari script documents","volume":"3","author":"Manpreet","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Wide J. Multidisc. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref59","first-page":"559","article-title":"A review of various character segmentation techniques for cursive handwritten words recognition","volume":"4","author":"Amit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Comput. Technol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-010-9186-6"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"41","article-title":"Slant-independent letter segmentation for off-line cursive script recognition","volume-title":"Proc. Pixels Features III","author":"Holt"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2006.343710"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2007.901245"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2008.4634219"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141277.1141468"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Devanagari document segmentation using histogram approach","volume":"1","author":"Dongre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci., Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/1653-2224"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.266.0647"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-006-0023-z"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.852443"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handwritten devanagari script segmentation: A non-linear fuzzy. Approach","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. AI Tools Eng.","author":"Sarkar"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.258"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRITO.2014.7014746"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505377.2509977"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120127"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13709-y"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00118-2"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.941845"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/724-1017"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2003.1227620"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02716709"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recognition of handwritten Devnagari numerals","volume":"1","author":"Ramteke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Process. Oriental Lang."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref84","first-page":"459","article-title":"Zernike moment feature extraction for handwritten Devanagari (Marathi) compound character recognition","volume":"3","author":"Kale","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJARAI Int. J. Adv. Res. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2003.1227787"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90070-2"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIMA.2007.125"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2008.4761830"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703312"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(91)90094-L"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2008.4798415"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"805","article-title":"Recognition of off-line handwritten Devanagari characters using quadratic classifier","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Indian Conf. Comput. Vis., Graph. Image Process. (ICVGIP)","author":"Sharma"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1523103.1523184"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Language, script, and encoding identification with string kernel classifiers","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Knowl., Inf. Creativity Support Syst.","author":"Kruengkrai"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref95","first-page":"70","article-title":"Feature extraction techniques for Marathi character classification using neural networks models","volume":"4","author":"Bhopi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Future Revolution Comput. Sci. Commun. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analytical study of statistical features extraction of characters for verification of CAPTCHA in devanagari script","volume-title":"Proc. IJCRT","volume":"8","author":"Bodkhe"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"41","article-title":"A novel zone based feature extraction algorithm for handwritten numeral recognition of four Indian scripts","volume":"2","author":"Rajashekararadhya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Digit. Technol., J."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref98","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Feature extraction and classification techniques in OCR system for handwritten gurmukhi script survey","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27868-9_109"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1008386"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref101","first-page":"106","article-title":"Recognition of non-compound handwritten devnagari characters using a combination of MLP and minimum edit distance","volume":"4","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handwritten devnagari optical character recognition","volume":"2","author":"Chavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.489003"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2007.4428774"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2006.343941"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jcp.3.5.11-17"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/sipij.2011.2215"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.1976.11451104"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310256"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.1987.11436670"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.1995.538004"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref112","first-page":"8","article-title":"Recognition of devanagari characters using neural networks","volume":"79","author":"Keeni","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1997.620662"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1999.791870"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1999.791811"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2000.906089"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.1989.176960"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153169"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3591207"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Devanagari pen-written character recognition","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Commun. (ADCOM)","author":"Ranade"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(00)00126-4"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2001.953898"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.196"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icdar.2007.4378759"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/392-585"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref126","first-page":"2400","article-title":"Devanagari isolated character recognition by using statistical features","volume":"3","author":"Jangid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"309","article-title":"A graph based approach for handwritten devanagari word recognition","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Emerg. Trends Eng. Technol.","author":"Malik"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handwritten devanagari character recognition","volume":"3","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15424-8"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467812500167"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2002.1047820"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/979872.979875"},{"key":"ref133","article-title":"Stroke based recognition of online Devanagari handwritten characters","author":"Nandury","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2007.4428775"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001410008123"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-330-9_9"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neural combination of ANN and HMM for handwritten devanagari numeral recognition","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Int. Workshop Frontiers Handwriting Recognit.","author":"Bhattacharya"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77046-6_65"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2008.33"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814299190_0008"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Offline recognition of handwritten devanagari words using hidden Markov model","volume":"1","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2016.0087"},{"key":"ref143","first-page":"523","article-title":"Study of zone-based feature for online handwritten signature recognition and verification in devanagari script","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Image Process.","author":"Ghosh"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2003.1227699"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"367","article-title":"Accuracy improvement of devnagari character recognition combining SVM and MQDF","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Frontiers Handwrit. Recognit","author":"Pal"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref146","first-page":"18","article-title":"Performance comparison of SVM and ANN for handwritten Devanagari character recognition","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"IJCSI Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref147","first-page":"1658","article-title":"Handwritten devanagari word recognition: A curvelet transform based approach","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref148","first-page":"6","article-title":"Novel approach: Recognition of devanagari handwritten numerals","volume":"1","author":"Jangid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Elect., Electron. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"1","article-title":"SVM classifier for recognizing handwritten devanagari numerals","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Image Inf. Process.","author":"Jangid"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHPCA.2014.7045339"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETTLIS.2015.7048173"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333792"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2016.7900266"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCECE.2016.8009567"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PDGC.2018.8745903"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18280\/ria.330606"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03897-5"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3625821"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref159","first-page":"34","article-title":"Character recognition using a relationship between connected segments and neural network","volume":"5","author":"Deshpande","year":"2006","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIMA.2007.254"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-009-0086-8"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETET.2009.215"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref163","first-page":"7","article-title":"Complementary features combined in a MLP-based system to recognize handwritten devanagari character","volume":"2","author":"Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inf. Hiding Multimedia Signal Process."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/IHCI2010.7"},{"key":"ref165","article-title":"Application of statistical features in handwritten devnagari character recognition","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"arXiv:1006.5911"},{"key":"ref166","article-title":"A novel approach for handwritten devnagari character recognition","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"arXiv:1006.5924"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijitcs.2012.08.04"},{"key":"ref168","first-page":"8887","article-title":"A neural network approach to printed devanagari character recognition","volume":"975","author":"Shelke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl., pp."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iMac4s.2013.6526403"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2014.7030525"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPIN.2018.8474282"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2002.807272"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13176\/11.48"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref174","first-page":"3","article-title":"Optimization of optical character recognition for printed devanagari text using ANFIS techniques","volume":"3","author":"Sable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCICT.2015.7045738"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCC.2010.5430176"},{"key":"ref177","first-page":"322","article-title":"Recognition of printed devanagari text using BLSTM neural network","volume-title":"Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Pattern Recognit. (ICPR)","author":"Sankaran"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SKIMA.2015.7400041"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467817500164"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging4020041"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref181","first-page":"593","article-title":"Devanagari character recognition model using deep convolutional neural network","volume":"21","author":"Ram","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Statist. Manage. Syst."},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.03.030"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIT47043.2019.8987286"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-020-01484-1"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08903-4"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcce.2023.02.001"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32629\/jai.v6i2.679"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15826-8"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3578549"},{"key":"ref190","first-page":"2231","article-title":"Devanagari script character recognition uses genetic algorithms to achieve better efficiency","volume":"2013","author":"Saraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09720510.2017.1395172"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50252-6_8"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC51019.2021.9418028"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC.2017.8282734"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219467818500225"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03822-4"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03388-7"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/10807209.pdf?arnumber=10807209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T05:25:14Z","timestamp":1735881914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10807209\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":197,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2024.3520248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}