{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:29:42Z","timestamp":1770276582590,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Percepci\u00f3n Inteligente para los Veh\u00edculos Aut\u00f3nomos y Conectados funded by Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial, Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PTAS-20211011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTAS-20211011"]}]},{"name":"European Union, NextGenerationEU, Plan de Recuperaci\u00f3n, Transformaci\u00f3n y Resiliencia; and in part by Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU)\/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["(AEI)\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(AEI)\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115132RB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115132RB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-148922OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148922OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3548837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T18:44:47Z","timestamp":1741286687000},"page":"44817-44835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhanced Nighttime Vehicle Detection for On-Board Processing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-3487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leyre","family":"Enc\u00edo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tratamiento de Imágenes (GTI), Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tratamiento de Imágenes (GTI), Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0618-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos R.","family":"del-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tratamiento de Imágenes (GTI), Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iu","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ficosa Automotive SLU, Viladecavalls, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"P\u00e9rez-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ficosa Automotive SLU, Viladecavalls, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Jevti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ficosa Automotive SLU, Viladecavalls, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Jaureguizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tratamiento de Imágenes (GTI), Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narciso","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tratamiento de Imágenes (GTI), Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3008612"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2019.2907630"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3017183"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2815678"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.12.002"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2978507"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102820"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC57777.2023.10422306"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112335"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVMSP54334.2022.9816285"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2838132"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8473980"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977922"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103116"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031193"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030575"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3410352.3410803"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182155"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3304288"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00271"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2261982"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3053863"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123433"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ai3020019"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3014013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33889\/ijmems.2023.8.2.012"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECAI46879.2019.9041976"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2015.7322928"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref29","first-page":"210","article-title":"A method of efficient vehicle detection based on hog-lbp","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2494586"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSCE.2016.7893608"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3076406"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2020.0063"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CW.2019.00027"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2614545"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSE.2017.8030869"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210019"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2604624"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111655"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6120142"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVCI54083.2021.9661149"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08860-z"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-024-03756-3"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-024-03576-5"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geits.2024.100204"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref46","article-title":"Intelligent traffic signal controller for heterogeneous traffic using reinforcement learning","volume":"2","author":"Savithramma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Energy Intell. Transp."},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Provident vehicle detection at night: The PVDN dataset","author":"Ohnemus","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2012.15376"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46484-8_29"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Objects as points","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1904.07850"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_45"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1799","article-title":"Joint training of a convolutional network and a graphical model for human pose estimation","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"27","author":"Tompson"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298664"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2858826"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms","author":"Ruder","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1609.04747"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16664-4"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"2980","article-title":"Focal loss for dense object detection","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. pattern Recognit.","author":"Ross"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01284"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00841"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/10915593.pdf?arnumber=10915593","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T04:39:56Z","timestamp":1742272796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10915593\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":59,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3548837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}