{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1785381594309,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Energy Entrepreneurs Fund from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DSNZ) of theUK Government"},{"name":"Department for Science Innovation and Technology (DSIT) of the UK Government as part of the Future RadioAccess Network Competition"},{"name":"Open Networks Ecosystem Competition"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3564009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T17:06:45Z","timestamp":1745514405000},"page":"83426-83449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Energy Efficient AR\/VR Edge Processing: Architecture and Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6758-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azza E. A.","family":"Eltraify","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randa A.","family":"Thabit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Opeyemi O.","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7701-5648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa B. M.","family":"Fadlelmula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5291-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A. M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahrar N. S.","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman S.","family":"Elgamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter Z.","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2204-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harith S.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Elmirghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaa Hamid","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King’s College London, Strand, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Krug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BT Laboratories, Adastral Park, Ipswich, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0443-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg","family":"Mcsorley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BT Laboratories, Adastral Park, Ipswich, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaafar M. H.","family":"Elmirghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultracell Networks Ltd., Nexus, Discovery Way, Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/com-it-con54601.2022.9850954"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Seeing is Believing: How VR and AR Will Transform Business and the Economy","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/etr.2021.9904681"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.1900411"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Total International Internet Bandwidth Now Stands at 1,217 Tbps","author":"Brodsky","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudNet.2015.7335284"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOC.2015.7238630"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2011.6134175"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-opt.2010.0116"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2148093"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6654885"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2186557"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2871602"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2380777"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2495165"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2439051"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2351074"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.7.000718"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.0495"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2767574"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2017.2787624"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.9.000207"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000471"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907798"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-opt.2013.0046"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOC.2016.7507009"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7045403"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6655209"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JHS-120458"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248310"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy efficiency measures for future core networks","volume-title":"Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf. Exhib. (OFC)","author":"Elmirghani"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2015.7193630"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.01.016"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2301450"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-opt.2016.0165"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2011.5970992"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2015.7193567"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2016.7550695"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2019.8840517"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473646"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2019.8840571"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2019.8840326"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Passive optical-based data center networks","author":"Elmirghani","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473877"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2626784"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.07.006"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Green data centers: A survey, perspectives, and future directions","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1608.00687"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2019.8685580"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2016.0037"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Smart Stadium Market Estimated to Hit 24.3 Billion With a CAGR of 23%","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"5G Edge-XR Project: Live Broadcast XR Experiences Using 5G and Cloud-GPU Compute","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3061981"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3169553"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in networking to support augmented reality and virtual reality","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICNC","volume":"15","author":"Westphal"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.04.045"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-020-03096-0"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-019-00722-w"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3029742"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7180521"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2022.3160397"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Lenovo ThinkSystem SR665 Server","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"QFX10000 Modular Ethernet Switches Datasheet","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"QFX5700 Line of Switches Datasheet Product Description","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"AMD AlveoTM SN1000 SmartNIC Accelerator Card","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"POLATIS Series 6000 Single Mode All Optical Low Loss Switch 8\u00d78 to 192\u00d7192 Ports","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/10975805.pdf?arnumber=10975805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T17:58:46Z","timestamp":1747677526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10975805\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3564009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}