{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:07:12Z","timestamp":1783487232566,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UITM\/02\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/ICT02\/UITM\/02\/12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3570974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T17:58:16Z","timestamp":1747677496000},"page":"88888-88904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["2TSS: Two-Tier Semantic Segmentation Framework With Enhancement for Hotspot Detection of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Images"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2246-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul Huda","family":"Ishak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4072-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iza Sazanita","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khusairi","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Shawal","family":"Jadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamarulazhar","family":"Daud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Zulhamdy Ab","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Permatang Pauh Campus, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ce\/zkac023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2024.171627"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iceet56468.2022.10007113"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27973"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165348"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21491"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2024.101504"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104129"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112160"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2978\/jsas.32103"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icpea60617.2024.10498989"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icpea56918.2023.10093148"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55525\/tjst.1158854"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37917\/ijeee.17.2.18"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphotov.2020.3045680"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2019.2912948"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.119471"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ccdc55256.2022.10033497"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app131911031"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24191\/esteem.v20iseptember.1861.g1773"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66234-3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112186"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire7060192"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31695\/ijerat.2020.3637"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswa.2021.200051"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icacci.2016.7732338"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25236\/ajcis.2024.070108"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eiecs59936.2023.10435470"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iciibms60103.2023.10347663"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-19-1090"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3086020"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-021-01191-9"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8665729"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.07.068"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3266093"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2022.09.031"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1291674"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1352935"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.07.044"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2021.104969"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10817-z"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"158","article-title":"Comparison of image processing techniques for defect detection","volume-title":"Proc. CEUR Workshop","volume":"3716","author":"Kovalskyi"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.114861"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ecce-asia49820.2021.9478998"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iscaie61308.2024.10576312"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.130"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109143"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124617"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/appeec50844.2021.9687630"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5586605"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jestie.2022.3140648"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Comnetsat50391.2020.9328987"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378184.3378185"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3111904"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2022.103134"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cieec58067.2023.10167018"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-024-01415-x"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11006648.pdf?arnumber=11006648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T04:43:40Z","timestamp":1748061820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11006648\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3570974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}