{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:49:54Z","timestamp":1780501794024,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GUP 2023-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP 2023-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3572471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T18:06:23Z","timestamp":1747937183000},"page":"97322-97336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Low-Cost AI-Powered System for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy and Ocular Diseases in Resource Limited Settings"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Harpreet","family":"Vohra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5511-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Kamrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2602-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti","family":"Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0490-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayla","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Digital Innovations, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0261-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Hadi Abd Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9786-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreya N.","family":"Bhojake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Bobal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7177-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awal","family":"Kaur Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0517-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Muskan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandramohan","family":"Dhasarathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/ghsp-d-22-00091"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2540"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00219-8"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1077669"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21899"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101291"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx228"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8374647"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","first-page":"171","article-title":"Overview of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)","volume":"10","author":"Armstrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE53296.2022.9730562"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11172740"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-021-01012-3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI56570.2024.10635727"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3526640"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1407376"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2022.019706"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.12.004"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.17447"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.122288.2"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11136178"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.944967"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revolutionizing diabetic retinopathy diagnosis in third world countries: The transformative potential of smartphone-based AI","volume":"3","author":"Sawhney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare Anal."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT52682.2021.9491645"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated glaucoma detection and assessment using CNN from fundus images","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Trends Eng. Syst. Technol. (ICTEST)","author":"Mahesh"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284060"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eetpht.10.5658"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"FairVision: Equitable deep learning for eye disease screening via fair identity scaling","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.02492"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3123472"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.925901"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11009206.pdf?arnumber=11009206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T17:53:07Z","timestamp":1749577987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11009206\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3572471","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}