{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:53:41Z","timestamp":1783493621991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3575303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T17:47:30Z","timestamp":1748627250000},"page":"95574-95593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["In-Context Learning in Large Language Models (LLMs): Mechanisms, Capabilities, and Implications for Advanced Knowledge Representation and Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1244-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azza","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Liwa University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7106-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed El","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imam Malik College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and IT, The British University in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.247"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"A theory of emergent in-context learning as implicit structure induction","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.07971"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Investigating the effects of demonstration quality on in-context learning performance","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Large language models are in-context semantic reasoners rather than symbolic reasoners","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.14825"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icalt58122.2023.00113"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3280161"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2022.3160699"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2017.2716952"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2022.3152247"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Larger language models do in-context learning differently","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.03846"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"What and how does in-context learning learn? Bayesian model averaging, parameterization, and generalization","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.19420"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Understanding the impact of systematic reviews: A secondary study on 200 systematic reviews","volume":"140","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.759"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Large language models are latent variable models: Explaining and finding good demonstrations for in-context learning","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2301.11916"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"In-context convergence of transformers","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.05249"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Are emergent abilities in large language models just in-context learning?","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.01809"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Towards understanding in-context learning with contrastive demonstrations and saliency maps","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.05052"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Explaining emergent in-context learning as kernel regression","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.12766"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Trained transformers learn linear models in-context","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.09927"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.411"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"An explanation of in-context learning as implicit Bayesian inference","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2111.02080"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.deelio-1.10"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Improving language model negotiation with self-play and in-context learning from AI feedback","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.10142"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"One step of gradient descent is provably the optimal in-context learner with one layer of linear self-attention","author":"Mahankali","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.03576"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i17.29909"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Few-shot parameter-efficient fine-tuning is better and cheaper than in-context learning","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2205.05638"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-025-00815-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Temporal\u2013spatial feature alignment in skeleton-based action recognition using GCN","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Understanding the transferability of in-context learning across tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Findings ACL","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58496\/adsa\/2023\/014"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11018434.pdf?arnumber=11018434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1749231822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11018434\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3575303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}