{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:51:57Z","timestamp":1773154317463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR\/NRRP) project FAIR\u2014Future Artificial Intelligence Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE00000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spoke 9 \u201cGreen-aware Artificial Intelligence (AI),\u201d"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) under the EU NextGenerationEU programme, and from the projects Fa.Per.M.E","award":["CUP H53C22000640006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H53C22000640006"]}]},{"name":"NutriDieMMe","award":["CUP H53C22000940001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H53C22000940001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health through DS-I Africa","award":["U54 TW012043-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 TW012043-01"]}]},{"name":"Bridge2AI","award":["OT2OD032701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2OD032701"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation through ITEST","award":["#2148451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2148451"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology Research and Development Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute"},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00403047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00403047"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant"},{"name":"Connected Minds Canada First Research Excellence Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3582754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T17:35:03Z","timestamp":1750786503000},"page":"109946-109959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Underdiagnosis Bias Mitigation With Expert Foundation Model\u2019s Representation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6169-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gebreyowhans H.","family":"Bahre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Sellergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Health, Google, Mountain View, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6319-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Quarta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Anthony Celi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0866-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Calimeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laleh","family":"Seyyed-Kalantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301590"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.369"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.220270"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002686"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3283216"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01595-0"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789811232701_0022"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2024.01.007"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.06.025"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20230023"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"BiomedCLIP: A multimodal biomedical foundation model pretrained from fifteen million scientific image-text pairs","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.00915"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00063-2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2025.01.007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI56570.2024.10635445"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"MEDFAIR: Benchmarking fairness for medical imaging","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Zong"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450439.3451878"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Fairness in AI and its long-term implications on society","volume-title":"Stanford Existential Risks Conf","author":"Bohdal"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3521279"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Benchmarking bias: Expanding clinical AI model card to incorporate bias reporting of social and non-social factors","volume-title":"arXiv:2311.12560","author":"Heming","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"204","article-title":"Improving the fairness of chest X-ray classifiers","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Health, Inference, Learn.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"504","article-title":"Debiasing deep chest X-ray classifiers using intra-and post-processing methods","volume-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Healthcare Conf.","author":"Marcinkevics"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03113-4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2512922"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09761-3"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194431"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02675-z"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Body mass index prediction from chest radiographs and associated performance gaps in chest radiograph abnormality prediction","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Sci. Meeting (ASM)","author":"Abbasi Bavil"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models","author":"Bommasani","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2108.07258"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Foundation models for decision making: Problems, methods, and opportunities","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.04129"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring visual prompt tuning for demographic adaptation in foundation models for medical imaging","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Adapt. Found. Models (AFM)","author":"Parkhimchyk"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.256"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212482"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.97"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.230060"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01854-8"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0322-0"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Generalized image embeddings for the mimic chest X-ray dataset","author":"Sellergren","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Equality of opportunity in supervised learning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Hardt"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"SGDR: Stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Loshchilov"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62469-9_7"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"CheXNet: Radiologist-level pneumonia detection on chest X-rays with deep learning","author":"Rajpurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1711.05225"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202305-485OC"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2024.100100"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient evaluation of bias in large language models through prompt tuning","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Tian"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11048878.pdf?arnumber=11048878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T17:30:23Z","timestamp":1751563823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11048878\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3582754","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}