{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T15:44:40Z","timestamp":1773330280757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Horizon Europe, Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking, Research and Innovation Program","award":["101139282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139282"]}]},{"name":"project 6G-SENSES \u201cSeamless Integration of Efficient 6G Wireless Technologies for Communication and Sensing\u201d;"},{"name":"Saxon State Government, Germany, out of the State budget approved by the Saxon State Parliament"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3599680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T18:17:06Z","timestamp":1755627426000},"page":"146032-146051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Possibilities and Challenges for a Phased Array Antenna System in ISAC: A Hardware Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrab","family":"Ramzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahanawaz","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2565-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajjad Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Dresden, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4810-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Padmanava","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barkhausen Institut gGmbH, Dresden, Germany"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3059488"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053486"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187673","article-title":"Joint communication and radar sensing: RF hardware opportunities and challenges\u2014A circuits and systems perspective","volume":"23","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit63408.2025.11037219"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"72","article-title":"Compact 60 GHz base station with planar antenna array on glass substrate","volume-title":"Proc. German Microw. Conf. (GeMiC)","author":"Damas"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69101","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3278570","article-title":"State-of-the-art passive beam-steering antenna technologies: Challenges and capabilities","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41650-018-0001-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3208790","article-title":"Guest editorial low-cost wide-angle beam-scanning antennas","volume":"70","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2023.3296636"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCS52304.2021.9376387"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6894454"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2842303"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"587","article-title":"Design of Vivaldi antenna array with end-fire beam steering function for 5G mobile terminals","volume-title":"Proc. 23rd Telecommun. Forum Telfor (TELFOR)","author":"Ojaroudiparchin"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2016.2532607"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2681463"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2207321"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2798660","article-title":"A compact, scanning tightly coupled dipole array with parasitic strips for next-generation wireless applications","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2594817"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2883796"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3219890"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPCOM.2018.8724401"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"76","article-title":"Survey on beamforming techniques and integrated circuits for 5G systems","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Electr. Eng. Photon. (EExPolytech)","author":"Rumyancev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.3118"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2712819"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2021.3067504","article-title":"A 16-element fully integrated 28-GHz digital RX beamforming receiver","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838368"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1950.232789","article-title":"Wide-angle metal-plate optics","volume":"38","author":"Ruze","year":"1950","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1963.1138114","article-title":"Wide-angle microwave lens for line source applications","volume":"Ap-11","author":"Rotman","year":"1963","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"48","article-title":"Multidirectional antenna\u2014A new approach to stacked beams","volume-title":"Proc. IRE Int. Conv. Rec.","volume":"8","author":"Blass"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3047696"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2018.2854631","article-title":"Design of a compact wideband Butler matrix using vertically installed planar structure","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"637","article-title":"A wideband 16\u00d716 Butler matrix for millimeter-wave beam-switching applications","volume-title":"Proc. 53rd Eur. Microw. Conf. (EuMC)","author":"Borhani-Kakhki"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2937254","article-title":"Compact 2-D multibeam array antenna fed by planar cascaded Butler matrix for millimeter-wave communication","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2895506"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902951"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2690903"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3073984"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2845449"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3118798"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.23284"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.34084"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3403165"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP53622.2022.9769327"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3114344"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2022.3163603"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3090573"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3137492"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3111317"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2020.2985155"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2934822"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922647"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Modified projection method for array pattern synthesis","volume-title":"Proc. 34th Eur. Microw. Conf.","volume":"3","author":"Trincia"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31989"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2446999"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.32692"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3161339"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2164176"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"416","article-title":"Phased-array antenna beam squinting related to frequency dependency of delay circuits","volume-title":"Proc. 8th Eur. Radar Conf.","author":"Garakoui"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.2012.6531062"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beam squint exploitation for linear phased arrays in a mmWave multi-carrier system","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM)","author":"Laurinavicius"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3319474"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3252584"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437629"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Real-time physical layer secure key generation in a mmWave communication system","volume-title":"Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Wireless Commun. Syst. (ISWCS)","author":"Manjappa"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3428609"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01712-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2024.3353332","article-title":"A low-cost 60-GHz modular front-end design for channel sounding","volume":"14","author":"Umar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2021.3105298","article-title":"Design of DC-blocks and bias-tee on PCB for V-band","volume":"31","author":"Umar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2351548.2023.10149778"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2018.2880496","article-title":"Full-duplex RF front ends: From antennas and circulators to leakage cancellation","volume":"20","author":"Biedka","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4975097"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental validation of superresolution delay estimation algorithm using a 26\u2019GHz radar setup","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. Joint Commun. Sens. (JCS)","author":"Bomfin"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.12932"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.33960"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"446","article-title":"Dual-band gain-boosted planar lens antenna using a single layer metasurface for 6G applications","volume-title":"Proc. Joint Eur. Conf. Netw. Commun. 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit)","author":"Ramzan"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3023682","article-title":"Radio localization and mapping with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Challenges, opportunities, and research directions","volume":"15","author":"Wymeersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCS54387.2022.9743502"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155507"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3439445"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antenna-duplexed passive beamforming front-end for joint communication and sensing","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Symp. Joint Commun. Sens. (JC S)","author":"Umar"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2761979"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory","author":"Ulaby","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2024.3437308"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRS.2025.3527884"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/GeMiC64734.2025.10979132"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11127106.pdf?arnumber=11127106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T18:10:59Z","timestamp":1756404659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11127106\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":85,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3599680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}