{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:33:17Z","timestamp":1779294797750,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["957769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957769"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3601207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T18:31:04Z","timestamp":1755801064000},"page":"148047-148059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Modular Solid-State Transformer for 3 kV DC Grids: Design, Topology, and Performance Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4716-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cervero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE Research Centre, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8111-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE Research Centre, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2069-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Ignacio","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE Research Centre, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6360-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Pinilla-Torremocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRCE Research Centre, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Sanz-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Energy and Resource Efficiency of Arag&#x00F3;n (Energaia), University of Zaragoza - CIRCE, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio J.","family":"Melero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Energy and Resource Efficiency of Arag&#x00F3;n (Energaia), University of Zaragoza - CIRCE, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ref1","first-page":"4876","article-title":"DC microgrids\u2014Part I: A review of control strategies and stabilization techniques","volume":"31","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Directive (EU) 2018\/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy From Renewable Sources (consolidated Version)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Directive 2012\/27\/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency (consolidated Version)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112198","article-title":"Is it feasible a massive deployment of low voltage direct current microgrids renewable-based? A technical and social sight","volume":"161","author":"Castillo-Calzadilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060677","article-title":"Role of wide bandgap materials in power electronics for smart grids applications","volume":"10","author":"Ballest\u00edn-Fuertes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Medium Voltage Direct Current (mvdc) Grid Feasibility Study","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Comparative analysis of carbon footprints and material usage of solid-state transformers and low-frequency-transformer-based MVac-LVdc interfaces for high-power EV charging","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC)","author":"Imperiali"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12230","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2705914","article-title":"DC microgrid technology: System architectures, AC grid interfaces, grounding schemes, power quality, communication networks, applications, and standardizations aspects","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.3390\/en14185595","article-title":"State of the art of low and medium voltage direct current (DC) microgrids","volume":"14","author":"Fotopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Towards Intelligent DC-based Hybrid Grids Optimizing the Network Performance | Tigon Project | Fact Sheet | H2020 | Cordis | European Commission"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.7951721"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2022.3144361","article-title":"Solid-state transformer and hybrid transformer with integrated energy storage in active distribution grids: Technical and economic comparison, dispatch, and control","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsg.2025.3574007"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923069"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"472","article-title":"Modular PET, two-phase air-cooled converter cell design and performance evaluation with 1.7kV IGBTs for MV applications","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC)","author":"Kieferndorf"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7050062","article-title":"Implementation of a single-phase SST for the interface between a 13.2 kV MVAC network and a 750 V bipolar DC distribution","volume":"7","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"517","article-title":"Voltage balancing methods for inner and outer switches of three-level resonant DC\u2013DC converter for solid state transformers","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 9th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. (IPEMC-ECCE Asia)","author":"Fu"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11770","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.2984685","article-title":"High-efficiency control strategy for 10-kV\/1-MW solid-state transformer in PV application","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43236-021-00247-3"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11326","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2021.3066908","article-title":"SiC-based 5-kV universal modular soft-switching solid-state transformer (M-S4T) for medium-voltage DC microgrids and distribution grids","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2021.3123793","article-title":"Analysis of the performance limits of 166 kW\/7 kV air-and magnetic-core medium-voltage medium-frequency transformers for 1:1-DCX applications","volume":"10","author":"Czyz","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12040931","article-title":"Solid state transformers: A critical review of projects with relevant prototypes and demonstrators","volume":"12","author":"Cervero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1426","article-title":"Design and validation of a 2MW 10KV medium-voltage solid state transformer","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expos. (ECCE)","author":"Yu"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Round Table on AC-DC-hybrid Grids","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2266419","article-title":"An improved droop control method for DC microgrids based on low bandwidth communication with DC bus voltage restoration and enhanced current sharing accuracy","volume":"29","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Research & Education for Solar Energy | Ines-Institut National Del\u2019 \u00c9nergie Solaire","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Centro De Desarrollo De Energ\u00edas Renovables (CEDER)\u2014CIEMAT","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2738610"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Long-term trends and disruption in medium voltage power electronics: Identifying future power electronics technologies of high impact","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Renew. Energy Res. Appl. (ICRERA)","author":"Drofenik"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2013.2277917","article-title":"Review of solid-state transformer technologies and their application in power distribution systems","volume":"1","author":"She","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19113","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967345","article-title":"State of the art of solid-state transformers: Advanced topologies, implementation issues, recent progress and improvements","volume":"8","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2017.2692381","article-title":"The smart transformer: A solid-state transformer tailored to provide ancillary services to the distribution grid","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Power Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Last developments and new technologies in solid-state transformer","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 15th Int. Symp. Power Electron. Distrib. Gener. Syst. (PEDG)","author":"Liserre"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"2079","article-title":"Scaling and balancing of multi-cell converters","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Power Electron. Conf.","author":"Kasper"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13020050","article-title":"Solid-state transformers: A review\u2014Part II: Modularity and applications","volume":"13","author":"Predescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14061059","article-title":"A 75 kW medium-frequency transformer design based in inductive power transfer (IPT) for medium-voltage solid-state transformer applications","volume":"14","author":"Blanco-Ortiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"2603","article-title":"Three-phase high power factor mains interface concepts for electric vehicle battery charging systems","volume-title":"Proc. 27th Annu. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. (APEC)","author":"Soeiro"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.875566","article-title":"Multiple harmonics control for three-phase grid converter systems with the use of PI-RES current controller in a rotating frame","volume":"21","author":"Liserre","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTIE.2023.3345797","article-title":"DC-bus signaling control laws for the operation of DC-microgrids with renewable power sources","volume":"5","author":"Patrao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhanced optimal power flow based droop control in MMC-MTDC systems","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Eur. (ISGT EUROPE)","author":"Du"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11132293.pdf?arnumber=11132293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:34:02Z","timestamp":1756355642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11132293\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3601207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}