{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T18:11:13Z","timestamp":1783793473546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019286","name":"Ajman University Internal Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-IRG-ENIT-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-IRG-ENIT-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3602844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T19:22:56Z","timestamp":1756236176000},"page":"153586-153613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Edge-Deployed Real-Time Adaptive Traffic Light Control System Using YOLO-Based Vehicle Detection and PCE-Aware Density Estimation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehwish","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2767-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majida","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza Munir","family":"Kidwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Computation Laboratory, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashim Raza","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1522-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad Ahmed","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Assaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2010.2060218"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2011.2158001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4427"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.02.089"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2023.3346842"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315206905"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2007.10.004"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23062938"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.121366"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112015"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110065"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209680"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-023-01737-w"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020119"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2019.03.003"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ivs.2010.5547996"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icip.2002.1038171"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118992"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2016.308"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2018.2844175"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"379","article-title":"R-FCN: Object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Dai"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2016.91"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2017.690"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"YOLOv3: An incremental improvement","author":"Redmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1804.02767"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"YOLOv7: Trainable bag-of-freebies sets new state-of-the-art for real-time object detectors","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2207.02696"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"YOLO By Ultralytics","author":"Jocher","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2022.3232153"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2022.3158253"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iceccme57830.2023.10253099"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi14120355"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-14360-x"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/inista52262.2021.9548650"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07940-9"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36868-w"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2023.2250622"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16502-7"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icdm51629.2021.00172"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions10010014"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2018.2890726"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256405"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2025.3525640"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.110440"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2890726"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-05961-4"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/smc2.12068"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126024"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.12148"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3467008"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00516"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Roboflow: Annotate, Manage, and Train Computer Vision Models on Image Data"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913491297"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17632\/766ygrbt8y.3"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"TensorRT Developer Guide","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr42600.2020.00271"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wacv.2019.00190"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10070820"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"PSU Car Dataset","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2997286"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2015.7299023"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"DAWN","author":"Kenk","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3470122"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2022.100258"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2024.1372618"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Ultralytics YOLOv8","author":"Jocher","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"YOLO-NAS By Deci Achieves State-of-the-Art Performance on Object Detection Using Neural Architecture Search","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020349"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14178047"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319859"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2021.1968399"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1400713.1400740"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.661057"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15520-9"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-06146-x"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16450-2"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13053059"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC58415.2024.10920204"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2019.2901791"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-025-01104-x"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108100"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iti\/liaf009"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures10050114"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0275-4"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126624300010"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2024.3496813"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2024.3462544"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2024.3485083"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11142287.pdf?arnumber=11142287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T05:08:47Z","timestamp":1757480927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11142287\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":88,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3602844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}