{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:25:46Z","timestamp":1781022346176,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, through the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2025R263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R263"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3607915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:33:24Z","timestamp":1757439204000},"page":"167538-167559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Noor: A Pipeline Framework for Classical Arabic Parsing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3424-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadee A.","family":"Nashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Dhad Experts, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulqader M.","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arab Academy for Management, Banking and Financial Sciences, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma A.","family":"Al-Shargabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5768-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed K.","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computing and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7206-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badriyya B.","family":"Al-Onazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language Preparation, Arabic Language Teaching Institute, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Message on the World Arabic Language Day 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1644879.1644881"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02139-8"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Ensemble morphosyntactic analyser for classical Arabic","author":"Alosaimy","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijel.v7n1p163"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0041977x00003621"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"102","article-title":"The Penn Arabic treebank: Building a large-scale annotated Arabic corpus","volume-title":"Proc. NEMLAR Conf. Arabic Lang. Resour. Tools","author":"Maamouri"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Camel treebank: An open multi-genre Arabic dependency treebank","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Lang. Resour. Eval. Conf. (LREC)","author":"Habash"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dependency treebank of the Quran using traditional Arabic grammar","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Informat. Syst. (INFOS)","author":"Dukes"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Quranic Arabic Corpus\u2014Data Download","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Statistical parsing by machine learning from a classical Arabic treebank","author":"Dukes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-011-9167-7"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-tutorials.2"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.arabicnlp-1.15"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074225"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep biaffine attention for neural dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Dozat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472295"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"394","article-title":"Better Arabic parsing: Baselines, evaluations, and analysis","volume-title":"Proc. 23rd Int. Conf. Comput. Linguist. (COLING)","author":"Green"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTRC.2015.7156426"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3010089.3010116"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00138"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"12","article-title":"Morphological features for parsing morphologically-rich languages: A case of Arabic","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Workshop Stat. Parsing Morphol. Rich Lang.","author":"Dehdari"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1621804.1621808"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1667583.1667651"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"110","article-title":"Prague Arabic dependency treebank: Development in data and tools","volume-title":"Proc. NEMLAR Int. Conf. Arab. Lang. Resour. Tools","author":"Hajic"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1320"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1822","article-title":"Syntactic annotation guidelines for the Quranic Arabic dependency treebank","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Arab. Lang. Resour. Tools (MEDAR)","author":"Dukes"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dependency treebank for classical Arabic poetry","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Dependency Linguistics","author":"Al-Ghamdi"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"11","article-title":"Rule-based approach in Arabic natural language processing","volume":"3","author":"Shaalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Commun. Technol."},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"13","article-title":"Improving Arabic dependency parsing with lexical and inflectional morphological features","volume-title":"Proc. NAACL HLT 1st Workshop Stat. Parsing Morphol. Rich Lang.","author":"Marton"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"2216","article-title":"MaltParser: A data-driven parser-generator for dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proc. LREC","author":"Nivre"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"228","article-title":"CamelParser: A system for Arabic syntactic analysis and morphological disambiguation","volume-title":"Proc. Comput. Approaches to Model. Lang. Lab","author":"Shahrour"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220641"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Improving Arabic dependency parsing with form-based and functional morphological features","volume-title":"Proc. 49th Annu. Meet. Assoc. Comput. Linguist., Hum. Lang. Technol.","author":"Marton"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00101"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.225"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"An improved neural network model for joint POS tagging and dependency parsing","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1807.03955"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"92","article-title":"One-step statistical parsing of hybrid dependency-constituency syntactic representations","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Parsing Technol.","author":"Dukes"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"61","article-title":"Arabic treebank: From phrase-structure trees to dependency trees","volume-title":"Proc. META-RESEARCH Workshop Adv. Treebanking","author":"Ramsay"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1599081.1599193"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Aspects of sentence analysis in the Arabic linguistic tradition, with particular reference to ellipsis","author":"Al-Liheibi","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Challenging the transformer-based models with a classical Arabic dataset: Quran and Hadith","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Lang. Resour. Eval. Conf.","author":"Altammami"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"46","article-title":"The typology of ellipsis: A corpus for linguistic analysis and machine learning applications","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Workshop Res. Comput. Linguistic Typol. Multilingual NLP","author":"Cavar"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"217","article-title":"Computing ellipsis constructions: Comparing classical NLP and LLM approaches","volume-title":"Proc. Soc. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Cavar"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online visualization of traditional Quranic grammar using dependency graphs","volume-title":"Proc. Found. Arabic Linguistics Conf. (FAL)","author":"Dukes"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"168","article-title":"PALMYRA 2.0: A configurable multilingual platform independent tool for morphology and syntax annotation","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Workshop Universal Dependencies (UDW)","author":"Taji"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"12585","article-title":"Palmyra 3.0: A user-friendly cloud-based platform for morphology and dependency syntax annotation","volume-title":"Proc. 2024 Joint Int. Conf. Comput. Linguistics, Lang. Resour. Eval.","author":"AbuOdeh"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"2185","article-title":"Palmyra: A platform independent dependency annotation tool for morphologically rich languages","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Lang. Resour. Eval. (LREC)","author":"Javed"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.0 Specification","author":"Bowler","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Mutarjim: Advancing bidirectional Arabic\u2013English translation with a small language model","author":"Hennara","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.17894"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"PALO: A polyglot large multimodal model for 5B people","author":"Maaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.14818"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"67","article-title":"MASAQ parser: A fine-grained MorphoSyntactic analyzer for the Quran","volume-title":"Proc. New Horizons Comput. Linguistics Religious Texts","author":"Sawalha"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220835.1220859"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"915","article-title":"The CoNLL 2007 shared task on dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proc. CoNLL Shared Task Session EMNLP-CoNLL","author":"Nivre"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2025.111940"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061425"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34028\/iajit\/21\/2\/13"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00488-w"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1310.4546"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.10.117"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"AraBERT: Transformer-based model for Arabic language understanding","author":"Antoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.00104"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14173490"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Computational lexical resources for explainable natural language understanding","author":"Kazeminejad","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3202947"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00253"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00134"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1248"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00110"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.89"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1613148.1613156"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1277"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"959","article-title":"A dynamic Oracle for arc-eager dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proc. 24th Int. Conf. Comput. Linguist. (COLING)","author":"Goldberg"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00237"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS.2019.8768587"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2008.0050"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70296-0_4"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"195","article-title":"Statistical dependency analysis with support vector machines","volume-title":"Proc. IWPT","author":"Yamada"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/d16-1211"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613784"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VIS54172.2023.00056"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860915-0\/50046-9"},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"Speech and Language Processing","author":"Jurafsky","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511627705.004"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00133"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Universal dependencies v1: A multilingual treebank collection","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Lang. Resour. Eval.","author":"Nivre"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315512778"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00512"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60450-9_15"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"9403","article-title":"Learning sparse features can lead to overfitting in neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Petrini"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of word embeddings on neural dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proc. 17th Conf. Nat. Lang. Process. (KONVENS)","author":"Adelmann"},{"key":"ref94","volume-title":"Detailed Grammar Analysis of the Recited Book of God","author":"Saber","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"Al-Jadwal Fi I\u2019r\u0101b Al-Qur\u2019\u0101n Wa-Arfih Wa-Bay\u0101nih","volume":"16","author":"Safi","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref96","volume":"3","author":"Al-Da\u2019as","year":"2004","journal-title":"I\u2019r\u0101b Al-Qur\u2019\u0101n Al-Karim"},{"key":"ref97","volume-title":"Al-Durr Al-Masun Fi \u2019Ulum Al-Kitab Al-Makn\u00fan","author":"Al-Halabi","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref98","volume":"20","year":"1998","journal-title":"Al-Lubab fi \u2019Ul\u0101m Al-Kitab"},{"key":"ref99","volume":"10","author":"Darwish","year":"1995","journal-title":"I\u2019Rab Al-Qur\u2019an Al-Karim Wa-Bayanah"},{"key":"ref100","volume-title":"I\u2019r\u0101b al-Qur\u2019\u0101n","volume":"5","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11153936.pdf?arnumber=11153936","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T17:38:13Z","timestamp":1759772293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11153936\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":100,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3607915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}