{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:59:48Z","timestamp":1784645988796,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Ireland through the Research Ireland Centre for Research Training in Machine Learning","award":["18\/CRT\/6183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/CRT\/6183"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2125362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2125362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3615788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T17:54:37Z","timestamp":1759168477000},"page":"173460-173486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Securing the Weakest Link: Exploring Affective States Exploited in Phishing Emails With Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9580-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faithful Chiagoziem","family":"Onwuegbuche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5938-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Titung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esa M.","family":"Rantanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Delia Jurcut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8730-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia O.","family":"Alm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9673-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security","author":"Mitnick","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(17)30008-8"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Punish and perish: The human factor in cybersecurity","volume-title":"Proc. ITASEC","author":"Danet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355112.355131"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"82% of All Cyberattacks Involve the Human Element","author":"Davies","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"91% of All Cyber Attacks Begin With a Phishing Email to an Unexpected Victim","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"More Than 3 Billion Fake Emails Are Sent Worldwide Every Day, Valimail Report Finds Post Date","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"What is Phishing and How Do You Prevent Phishing Attacks?","author":"Muncaster","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"2022 State of Phish","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3375882"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3300381"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103476"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"WormGPT and PoisonGPT: Beware Malicious Generative AI Models","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52581-1_7"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IDSTA55301.2022.9923050"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101862"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103558"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.030713.00020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004865814521224"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion","author":"Cialdini","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"A multi-level defense against social engineering","volume":"13","author":"Gragg","year":"2003","journal-title":"SANS Reading Room"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1897852.1897872"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20376-8_4"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"A Hacker\u2019s Mind: How Powerful Bend Society\u2019s Rules, How To Bend Them Back","author":"Schneier","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16010031"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"285","volume-title":"A Personality Based Model for Determining Susceptibility to Phishing Attacks","author":"Parrish","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419394.3423617"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3336141"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/hicss.2020.274"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INNOVATIONS.2012.6207742"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2022.3151103"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753383"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cross-national study on phishing resilience","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Usable Secur. Privacy (USEC)","author":"Gopavaram"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461672"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ICS-05-2014-0029"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v13n6p1"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-00237-7"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.12963"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2014.0522"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103526"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12126"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Suspicion, cognition, automaticity model (SCAM) of phishing susceptibility","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Meeting 65th Int. Commun. Assoc. Conf.","author":"Vishwanath"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813660"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-019-09197-5"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.036"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3409178"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29381-9_35"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103084"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575797"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JSIT-07-2022-0166"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651330"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"538","article-title":"An examination of the role of big five personality traits, cognitive processes and heuristics on individuals\u2019 phishing attack susceptibility levels","volume":"11","author":"Bright","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurolog. Disorders"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3190009"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.05.077"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"499","article-title":"How vulnerable are you? A novel computational psycholinguistic analysis for phishing influence detection","volume-title":"Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Natural Lang. Process. (ICON)","author":"Chatterjee"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-1642-9_47"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"131","article-title":"Improving phishing detection via psychological trait scoring","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Web Based Communities (MCCSIS)","author":"Shahriar"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3527292"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Cognitive triaging of phishing attacks","volume-title":"Proc. 28th USENIX Secur. Symp. (USENIX Secur.)","author":"Van Der Heijden"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2024.2351442"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SERA61261.2024.10685564"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671552"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3301"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eCrime51433.2020.9493260"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucy008"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.06.004"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2009.06.002"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments","volume-title":"Organizational Influence Processes","author":"Asch","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.12.011"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.060"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.010"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_39"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41303-017-0058-x"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.4075"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19030\/iber.v2i7.3825"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2016.22.12.599"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.05.004"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255071"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023552"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076284"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000261"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0881-2_5"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning to filter spam e-mail: A comparison of a naive Bayesian and a memory-based approach","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Eur. Conf. Princ. Pract. Knowl. Discovery Databases (PKDD)","author":"Androutsopoulos"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543873.3587303"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-023-01984-x"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMI60790.2024.10585821"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","volume-title":"arXiv:2303.08774","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"The llama 3 herd of models","author":"Grattafiori","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.21783"},{"key":"ref91","volume-title":"Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00491241251325243"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"478","article-title":"Comparison of prompt engineering and fine-tuning strategies in large language models in the classification of clinical notes","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48044-7_26"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"589","article-title":"Reframing instructional prompts to GPTk\u2019s language","volume-title":"Proc. Findings Assoc. Comput. Linguistics: ACL","author":"Mishra"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"22199","article-title":"Large language models are zero-shot reasoners","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"35","author":"Kojima"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"3659","article-title":"Establishing annotation quality in multi-label annotations","volume-title":"Proc. 29th Int. Conf. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Marchal"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031619"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Computing Krippendorff\u2019s Alpha-Reliability","author":"Krippendorff","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1829224"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335\/a000179"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12100"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"4040","article-title":"GoEmotions: A dataset of fine-grained emotions","volume-title":"Proc. 58th Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Demszky"},{"key":"ref108","volume-title":"Spear-phishing in the wild: A real-world study of personality, phishing self-efficacy and vulnerability to spear-phishing attacks","author":"Halevi","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651277"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"12","article-title":"Do users focus on the correct cues to differentiate between phishing and genuine emails?","volume-title":"Proc. Australas. Conf. Inf. Syst. (ACIS)","author":"Parsons"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20779"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-022-01069-1"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2022.09.002"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375708.3380315"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205089"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"10","article-title":"Breaching the human firewall: Social engineering in phishing and spear-phishing emails","volume-title":"Proc. Australas. Conf. Inf. Syst. (ACIS)","author":"Butavicius"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103207"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375708.3380313"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7058972"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/6287639\/10820123\/11184603-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11184603.pdf?arnumber=11184603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:40:28Z","timestamp":1760550028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11184603\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":120,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3615788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}