{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:05:22Z","timestamp":1784757922335,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy through the Transformation Hub Accelerate Market Introduction of Autonomous Mobility","award":["16THB0010D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16THB0010D"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3622501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:38:44Z","timestamp":1760636324000},"page":"179817-179838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Adverse Weather on Road Safety: A Survey of Test Methods for Enhancing Safety of Automated Vehicles and Sensor Robustness in Challenging Environmental Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Graf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Safety in Future Mobility (C-ISAFE), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Steinhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Safety in Future Mobility (C-ISAFE), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Vacul\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Safety in Future Mobility (C-ISAFE), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brandmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CARISSMA Institute of Safety in Future Mobility (C-ISAFE), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2983149"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2009.023697"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle crash causation survey","author":"Singh","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.09.022"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Mercedes-Benz DRIVE PILOT","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit von Notbremsassistenten zum Schutz von ungesch\u00fctzten Verkehrsteilnehmer*innen","author":"Atasayar","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48526-4"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Euro NCAP Vision 2030: A Safer Future for Mobility","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2025.3525638"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr52688.2022.01588"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.114472"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojvt.2025.3566251"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iv55156.2024.10588472"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.oe.63.8.085102"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.06.017"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2008.12.004"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.12.021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/a17110526"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165397"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iv55152.2023.10186539"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110563"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"How Do Weather Events Impact Roads? FHWA Road Weather Management Program","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198106194800119"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/bams-d-19-0035.1"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Euro NCAP Assessment Protocol\u2013Overall Rating","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Motor Vehicles With Regard To the Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) for M1 and N1 Vehicles","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3072739"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icite56321.2022.10101411"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tse.2022.3170122"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"European road safety observatory: Annual statistical report on road safety in the EU 2022","author":"Decae","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Verkehrsunf\u00e4lle\u2013Fachserie 8 Reihe 7","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"The relationship between speed and accidents on rural single-carriageway roads","author":"Taylor","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Speed and road accidents: An evaluation of the power model","author":"Elvik","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19439962.2012.705232"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref35","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Speeding, coordination, and the 55 mph limit","volume":"75","author":"Lave","year":"1985","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.05.003"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-4575(00)00098-1"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.07.003"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2280-01"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-4575(01)00061-6"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0189-x"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26128\/2021.123"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Climate Data Center-German Weather Data","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact ofWeather conditions on road safety investigated on an hourly basis","volume-title":"Proc. TRB 85th Annu. Meeting","author":"Hermans"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Climate, road traffic and road risk-an aggregate approach","volume-title":"Proc. WCTR","author":"Bergel"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(95)00038-0"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90076-9"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.03.006"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Weather effects on daily traffic accidents and fatalities: A time series count data approach","volume-title":"Proc. 89th Annu. Meeting Transp. Res. Board","author":"Yannis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2012.03.004"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v70.3490"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0573-4"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899x\/603\/2\/022072"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"74","article-title":"Analysis of wet road usage with a driving safety concern","volume-title":"Proc. VDA Technischer Konress","author":"Biesse"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105458"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurements of the grip level and the water film depth for real accidents of the German in-depth accident study (GIDAS)","volume-title":"Proc. 22nd Int. Technical Conf. Enhanced Safety Vehicles","author":"Vogt"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2107-14"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.661110"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1978)017<0711:aaotrb>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/18128602.2010.538871"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000544"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speed on German highways in heavy rain","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Highway Geometric Design Polytechnic Univ. Valencia Transp. Res. Board","author":"Hartz"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"42","article-title":"How does the rainfall influence the traffic parameters of the motorways?","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Conf. Effective Road Safety Campaigns","author":"S\u00e1ndor"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles5010009"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.05.004"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.05.007"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.04.003"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2017.08.001"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc.2010.5625046"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.10.014"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/812562"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.08.001"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/33049"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"9","article-title":"Motorway traffic behaviour in reduced visibility conditions","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Vis. Vehicles","author":"Hawkins"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.12.012"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/jicv-11-2020-0012"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2055-16"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107837"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2004.048926"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.09.014"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109902"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2120-02"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101020"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.06.005"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118784143"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of sun glare on traffic accidents in Japan","volume":"9","author":"Hagita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. oEastern Asia Soc. Transp. Studies"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2022.09.013"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Gefahr durch blendung: Viele autofahrer sind betroffen","author":"Ammel","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e579652007-001"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/wcas-d-19-0065.1"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2140-04"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098032000094441"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.019"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.03.019"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.06.005"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2020.01.001"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.07.020"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2024.11.007"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/j3216_202005"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105354"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.11.009"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043138"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543174.3547117"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8010089"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236720"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105698"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"Disengagement Reports","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc.2019.8916775"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5524356"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811358"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2024.1383144"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2024.3386641"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.multra.2024.100186"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2024.100934"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2024.107692"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc.2017.8317823"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226532"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-025-01228-3"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010014"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-45196-7_4"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2025.3554781"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142557"},{"key":"ref123","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigating automotive sensor perception in rain: A case study on TOF andFMCW LiDAR","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Annu. Conf. Comput. Fluid Dyn. Soc.","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icprs54038.2022.9854076"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8110306"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2025.3584460"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtcfall.2018.8690901"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-024-00969-y"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tthz.2017.2778498"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/radar.2016.7485217"},{"key":"ref131","article-title":"Identifying and assessing key weather\u2013related parameters and their impacts on traffic operations using simulation","author":"Zhang","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1776-08"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2011.05.002"},{"key":"ref134","article-title":"Probabilities of adverse weather affecting transport in Europe: Climatology and scenarios up to the 2050s: Extreme weather impacts on European networks of transport (EWENT)","author":"Vajda","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref135","volume-title":"WMO-No. 8: Guide To Instruments and Methods of Observation","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref136","volume-title":"Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey","author":"Wallace","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8586-5"},{"key":"ref138","volume-title":"Fact Sheet, no. 3\u2013Water in the Atmosphere","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref139","volume-title":"WMO-No. 168: Guide To Hydrological Practice","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.06.040"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"Meteorologie","volume":"1338","author":"H\u00e4ckel","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1974)013<0131:tmocas>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<1346:tlftrs>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<1029:rsde>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:tdorws>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1969)026<0566:rsdass>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1948)005<0175:tporba>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4010337"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:nvitaf>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-map:19971193"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1994)033<1494:agffrs>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1978)017<1054:sorsd>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1974)031<1067:tjors>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48100-0_2"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1970)027<0101:eotgor>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:ttvoff>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1976)033<0851:tvasoc>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-1377-2018"},{"key":"ref159","volume-title":"Rain\u2013Glossary of Meteorology","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref160","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of World Climatology","author":"Oliver","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref161","volume-title":"International Cloud Atlas\u2013Fog Compared With Mist","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30201-0_3"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43622-6"},{"key":"ref164","volume-title":"International Cloud Atlas\u2013Fog","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96rs01725"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2749502"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-012-1266-x"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030258"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/proc.1983.12724"},{"key":"ref170","first-page":"48","article-title":"Measurement of snowflake size and falling velocity by image processing","volume-title":"Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Meteorol. Glaciology","volume":"2","author":"Muramoto"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<1542:teosru>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref172","volume-title":"Requirements for Meteorological Observations At Aerodromes","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref173","volume-title":"Glare","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203426340"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines10111101"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.11.001"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.09.010"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3125620"},{"key":"ref179","first-page":"1","article-title":"CARLA: An open urban driving simulator","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Robot Learn.","author":"Dosovitskiy"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc45102.2020.9294422"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67361-5_40"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s38314-020-0207-1"},{"key":"ref183","volume-title":"Sensor Simulation for Virtual Test Driving","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref184","volume-title":"AVxcelerate: Sensors Simulation Overview","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ivs.2013.6629454"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2023.3335126"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref187","first-page":"35","article-title":"A survey on autonomous vehicles simulators","volume":"17","author":"Meftah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inf. Assurance Secur."},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3153722"},{"key":"ref189","article-title":"Towards a generally accepted validation methodology for sensor models-challenges, metrics, and first results","volume-title":"Proc. Graz Symp. Virtual Vehicle","author":"Rosenberger"},{"key":"ref190","volume-title":"Python API Reference","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref191","volume-title":"CarMaker Release 13.1 Available Now","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iros58592.2024.10802036"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0028-6"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1141911.1141985"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.04.007"},{"key":"ref196","article-title":"A novel method for simulation-based testing and validation of automotive surround sensors under adverse weather conditions","author":"Hasirlioglu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2006.03.013"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9020054"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2017.244"},{"key":"ref200","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unsupervised image-to-image translation networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"30","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01219-9_11"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2020.2998077"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc48978.2021.9565008"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccvw54120.2021.00325"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01366-3"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2021.3059310"},{"key":"ref207","article-title":"LiDAR sensor simulation in adverse weather condition for driving assistance development","author":"Mokrane","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2020.2978438"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv48922.2021.01500"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/ars-9-49-2011"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc.2018.8569907"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/aa6090"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2996366"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156891"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2019-01-0134"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icassp49660.2025.10889253"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/292905"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145287"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mvt.2019.2892497"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc45102.2020.9294505"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.10.009"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145266"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.898010"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iros51168.2021.9636694"},{"key":"ref225","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of Cerema PAVIN fog & rain platform: From past and back to the future","volume-title":"Proc. ITS World Congr.","author":"Liandrat"},{"key":"ref226","volume-title":"Specific Environment Area","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s38314-021-0734-4"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51202\/9783181024263-231"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12060738"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12567-015-0100-6"},{"key":"ref231","article-title":"Test infrastructure design for autonomous systems","author":"Katzorke","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154306"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtcspring.2017.8108566"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9100211"},{"key":"ref235","volume-title":"Enhanced Night Visibility Series","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227461"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc48978.2021.9564436"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-35408-4"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2021.3067892"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iavvc63304.2024.10786451"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-21194-3_109"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41104-019-00044-y"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/crv.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112341"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icecet55527.2022.9872761"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iros.2009.5354484"},{"key":"ref247","article-title":"Modelling of LIDAR sensor disturbances by solid airborne particles","volume-title":"Sia Simulation Numeriques","author":"Hadj-Bachir","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072192"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/radar.2017.7944215"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eurad.2017.8249184"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lsens.2024.3434624"},{"key":"ref252","volume-title":"Euro NCAP Assist. Driving Sensor Blocking Method","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref253","volume-title":"Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles With Regard To Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref254","volume-title":"Euro NCAP Crash Avoidance Frontal Collisions","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11205827.pdf?arnumber=11205827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1761281392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11205827\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":254,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3622501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}