{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:07:48Z","timestamp":1776960468582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["UGC\/FDS24\/H25\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS24\/H25\/24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3624820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T17:59:54Z","timestamp":1761242394000},"page":"184332-184347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automatic Generation of High-Quality MCQs With LLMs for Artificial Intelligence Education"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4486-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Chiu","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1592-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheuk Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4018-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China"}]},{"given":"Anthony Wai Keung","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8522-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuen Kan","family":"Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001503-200112000-00011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-7-49"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/stl0000062"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","first-page":"92","article-title":"Designing tests from question pools with efficiency, reliability, and integrity","volume":"3","author":"Murdock","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Chiropractic"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijnlc.2021.10201"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15040477"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/agrenvedu\/13071"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEECT61758.2024.10739326"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-0533"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118258"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Chatgpt versus human in generating medical graduate exam questions\u2014An international prospective study","author":"Cheung","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3636243.3636256"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain","author":"Bloom","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4104_2"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref15","first-page":"213","article-title":"Reflections on Bloom\u2019s revised taxonomy","volume":"4","author":"Amer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2018.07.002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590400013495"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/4491"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2004.12.005"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00986283211061204"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.19-09-0189"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2222715"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"The question answering systems: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Allam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Rev. Inf. Sci. (IJRRIS)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2018.08.005"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Automatic Factual Question Generation From Text","author":"Heilman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1090"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3231644.3231654"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-5821"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1123"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Simplifying paragraph-level question generation via transformer language models","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2005.01107"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Question answering and question generation as dual tasks","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1706.02027"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5015"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IALP54817.2021.9675153"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i5.16559"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33016423"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6522"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00825"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631700.3665233"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"530","article-title":"Automatic classification of learning objectives based on Bloom\u2019s taxonomy","volume-title":"Educational Data Mining","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29407\/jetar.v7i1.17823"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.22"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3420709"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"DeepSeek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.12948"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Logical reasoning in large language models: A survey","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.09100"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Grok, Gemini, Chatgpt and Deepseek: Comparison and applications in conversational artificial intelligence","volume":"2","author":"de Carvalho Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inteligencia Artif."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.212"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"36407","article-title":"Deductive verification of chain-of-thought reasoning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ling"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031619"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-61"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874434601711010211"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11215720.pdf?arnumber=11215720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:46:07Z","timestamp":1762195567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11215720\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3624820","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}