{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T19:05:55Z","timestamp":1763147155246,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"FAIR-Future Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"name":"European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3629334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T18:41:15Z","timestamp":1762368075000},"page":"190735-190744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Conceptual Map for Exploring the Landscape of Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pierri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8016-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8806-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Giobergia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1108-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Savelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9231-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Baralis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7185-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cagliero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-2415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00976-7"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4695412"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00644-2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08359-z"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk3452"},{"volume-title":"Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2024 on Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts","year":"2024","key":"ref6"},{"volume-title":"Conceptual Database Design: An Entity-Relationship Approach","year":"1992","author":"Batini","key":"ref7"},{"volume-title":"Hugging Face","year":"2024","key":"ref8"},{"volume-title":"Kaggle","year":"2024","key":"ref9"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Carbon emissions and large neural network training","author":"Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2104.10350"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI blog"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w17-4508"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring massive multitask language understanding","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Hendrycks"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","volume-title":"Text Summarization Branches Out","author":"Lin","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00276"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3583140.3583165"},{"volume-title":"Performances Are Plateauing, Let\u2019s Make the Leaderboard Steep Again","year":"2024","author":"Fourrier","key":"ref21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.eacl-main.148"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"388","article-title":"LLMBox: A comprehensive library for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. 62nd Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Tang"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"PromptBench: A unified library for evaluation of large language models","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"15356","article-title":"Benchmarking LLMs via uncertainty quantification","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"37","author":"Pang"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458723"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00041"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3731753"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Crosslingual generalization through multitask finetuning","author":"Muennighoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2211.01786"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3674805.3686679"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01628-x"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2025.112452"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3643664.3648204"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"607","article-title":"Analyzing the evolution and maintenance of ML models on hugging face","volume-title":"Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Mining Softw. Repositories","author":"Casta\u00f1o"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating dataset documentations in AI: A large-scale analysis of dataset cards on huggingface","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Yang"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-024-00308-0"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER56733.2023.00080"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"370","article-title":"How do hugging face models document datasets, bias, and licenses? An empirical study","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd IEEE\/ACM Int. Conf. Program Comprehension","author":"Pepe"},{"issue":"253","key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimating the carbon footprint of Bloom, a 176B parameter language model","volume":"24","author":"Luccioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"LLMCarbon: Modeling the end-to-end carbon footprint of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Faiz"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"35","author":"Ouyang"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00057"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11227106.pdf?arnumber=11227106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:51:25Z","timestamp":1763146285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11227106\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3629334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2169-3536"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}