{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1784204428250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collaborative Research and External Grant Program through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Cost Center","award":["S.K130000.0543.4Y359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S.K130000.0543.4Y359"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3632033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T18:42:46Z","timestamp":1762972966000},"page":"200840-200860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance Analysis of Tree-Based Ensemble Machine Learning Model for Flood Forecasting in Tropical Regions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainaa Hanis","family":"Zuhairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fitri","family":"Yakub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mas","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sharifuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamarrul Azahari","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrul","family":"Faruq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5627-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andika Aji","family":"Wijaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Business and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1233"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15132390"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70816-2"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01868-9"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Bencana-Laporan","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Malaysia\u2019s Floods of December 2021: Can Future Disasters Be Avoided?","author":"Rahman","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16243606"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Department of Irrigation and Drainage","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Special Report on Impact of Floods in Malaysia 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Flood Management\u2014Programme and Activities","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199300"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jstars.2017.2676343"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/igarss39084.2020.9323351"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vrhciai57205.2022.00037"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202339601095"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/nbec58134.2023.10352612"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124154"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-85666-2_4"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w15010178"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1971-0_27"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2024.208"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2023.3308564"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w10111536"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2893981"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030960"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24749508.2021.2022833"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26480\/wcm.01.2024.87.96"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/479\/1\/012038"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2021.104017"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1091\/1\/012040"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2963819"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104089"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-022-02336-6"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Integrating physics-based modeling with machine learning: A survey","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.04919v4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019wr025128"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2023.2203798"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105400"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17849\/insm-47-01-31-39.1"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12207"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology9120226"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itaic.2019.8785556"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2022.110022"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Decision trees for decision-making under the predict-then-optimize framework","author":"Elmachtoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.00360"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315139470"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"The Mathematics of Decision Trees, Random Forest and Feature Importance in Scikit-learn and Spark","author":"Ronaghan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccike47802.2019.9004419"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.106993"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology10070141"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129267"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3019362"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1090.001.0001","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis With Applications To Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence","author":"Holland","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v053.i04"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-020-01115-7"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125423"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124536"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1271","article-title":"A communication-efficient parallel algorithm for decision tree","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"29","author":"Meng"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"3147","article-title":"LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ke"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3087175"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14066-7_18"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.03.160"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ccdc49329.2020.9164224"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.04.085"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125087"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comsnets53615.2022.9668540"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iscas.2009.5118311"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icbda55095.2022.9760337"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2025","journal-title":"Guide To Flood Forecasting: Technology and Connectivity Are Key for Reducing Flood Danger-IEEE Public Safety Technology Initiative"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/igarss52108.2023.10282456"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11050914"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21660\/2025.126.3742"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccst55948.2022.10040324"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15100608"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Transfer learning to improve streamflow forecasts in data sparse regions","author":"Oruche","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2112.03088"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15070840"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-023-04457-6"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.09.016"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.11.032"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/nr.2017.85022"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Kampung Bukit Changgang Residents in Selangor Worry About Rising Floodwaters","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710623"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-25-747-2025"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/mjfas.v13n4-1.781"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-023-03625-7"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031242"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-022-03408-6"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0198-9715(03)00018-8"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116984"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.05.008"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3102399"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5109\/7323359"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmc.1976.4309452"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093246"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"A critical look at the current train\/test split in machine learning","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2106.04525"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3506663"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00058655"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1249"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45014-9_1"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98074-4"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2023.61"},{"issue":"53","key":"ref104","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tunability: Importance of hyperparameters of machine learning algorithms","volume":"20","author":"Probst","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7814-4_36"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007515423169"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249338"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35314-7_2"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.02.023"},{"key":"ref110","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-017-0469-y"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-024-02157-6"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09954-8"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wen.2021.03.001"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116956"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11242154.pdf?arnumber=11242154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:43:47Z","timestamp":1764787427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11242154\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":115,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3632033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}