{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:06:09Z","timestamp":1773378369378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017850","name":"NXP Semiconductors under the LTI Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3641293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T18:41:50Z","timestamp":1765219310000},"page":"210892-210916","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["GATOR-V: Accelerating the RISC-V Confidential Computing Ecosystem With a Production-Grade TEE"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marouene","family":"Boubakri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUP’COM, LR11TIC05, Mediatron Laboratory, University of Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belhassen","family":"Zouari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUP’COM, LR11TIC05, Mediatron Laboratory, University of Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Cyber security in automotive IoT: Protecting connected vehicles","author":"Mudholkar","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5117879"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","article-title":"IoT-based predictive maintenance in industrial environments","volume":"10","author":"Tariq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.10.011"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/trustcom.2015.357"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3085524"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Building trusted execution environments","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14081674"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10617-024-09283-1"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600160.3600169"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3291047"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103180"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEED61283.2024.00021"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593021"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"A verified confidential computing as a service framework","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur.","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102628"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"A survey on RISC-V security: Hardware and architecture","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.04175"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12759"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/trustcom50675.2020.00161"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634737.3644993"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Enabling design space exploration for RISC-V secure compute environments","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Workshop Comput. Archit. Res. RISC-V (CARRV)","author":"Akram"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Specifications and Ecosystem of the Open-source, Royalty-Free RISC-V ISA","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"RISC-V in 2025: Progress, Challenges, and What\u2019s Next","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103415"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual, Volume I: Unprivileged Architecture","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472862747.ch-004"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Intel SGX explained","author":"Costan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3545948.3545949"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Semi-invasive attacks\u2014A new approach to hardware security analysis","author":"Skorobogatov","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00002"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"973","article-title":"Meltdown: Reading kernel memory from user space","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur.","author":"Lipp"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3380478"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"12345","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on the non-invasive passive side-channel attacks: Taxonomy, techniques, and countermeasures","volume":"10","author":"Socha","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Rowhammer attacks in dynamic random-access memory: A survey","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Access"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866390"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-38162-6"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA.2014.6853210"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ecce57851.2023.10101599"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Architecture\u2014OP-TEE Documentation","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"OP-TEE (Open Portable Trusted Execution Environment) Driver","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Devicetree Specification","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"RISC-V ELF PsABI Document","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Supervisor Binary Interface (SBI) Specification","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"QEMU: The Fast Processor Emulator","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"RISC-V GNU Compiler Toolchain","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"OP-TEE: Open Portable Trusted Execution Environment","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Interrupt Handling in OP-TEE OS","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"TEE System Architecture","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"TEE Client API Specification V1.0","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"TEE Internal Core API Specification V1.3.1","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"PKCS #11 Specification Version 3.1","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"OP-TEE Documentation (PDF)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Libraries (Libutee, Etc.)\u2014OP-TEE Documentation","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Core\u2014Memory and Translation Tables","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Core\u2014Interrupt Handling, Context Switches, and World Transitions","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"File Structure (Including Ldelf\/)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Trusted Applications (and Ldelf)\u2014overview and Flow","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Abort Dumps \/ Call Stack","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Binary Encoding and Calling Convention (SBI V0.2+)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"Domain Support\u2014System-Level Partitioning of Memory Regions and Harts","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Security Monitor","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"SeL4 Reference Manual","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"Microkit User Manual","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"RPMI and SBI MPXY Integration","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"Specification Status (RPMI, Supervisor Domains\/Smmtt)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Request Forward (REQFWD) Service Group","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Management Mode (MM) Service Group (incl. MM_COMMUNICATE)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"RISC-V Platform Manage. Interface (RPMI) Specification","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"RISC-V Technical Specifications (SBI V3.0 Updates Incl. MPXY)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"TEE Subsystem","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"SMC Calling Convention (DEN0028)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"HVC\u2014Hypervisor Call","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"OP-TEE Dispatcher (SPD)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref73","volume-title":"TEE\/OP-TEE Support","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Optee Command","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"Genesys 2 Reference Manual","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref76","volume-title":"About the Cryptographic Extension","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref77","volume-title":"Vector Cryptography Extensions","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"RISC-V Scalar Cryptography Specification","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"OP-TEE for RISC-V: Code and Artifacts","author":"Boubakri","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"OpenSBI: RISC-V Open Source Supervisor Binary Interface","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Optee_Test (XTest)\u2014Sanity and Conformance Tests","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"841","article-title":"FTPM: A software-only implementation of a TPM chip","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Raj"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Keystone: An open framework for architecting TEEs","volume-title":"Proc. ASPLOS","author":"Lee"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23068"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Privilege separating security monitor on RISC-V TEEs (DORAMI)","author":"Kuhne","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.03653"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"HECTOR-V: A heterogeneous CPU architecture for a secure RISC-V execution environment","author":"Nasahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2009.05262"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"CURE: A security architecture with customizable and resilient enclaves","author":"Bahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.15866"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"4111","article-title":"Elasticlave: An efficient memory model for enclaves","volume-title":"Proc. 31st USENIX Secur. Symp. (USENIX Security)","author":"Yu"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3581487"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"857","article-title":"Sanctum: Minimal hardware extensions for strong software isolation","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur.","author":"Costan"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref91","first-page":"243","article-title":"Trusted execution environment: State-of-the-art and future directions","volume":"61","author":"Fengwei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Develop."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579856.3595784"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3560595"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"241","article-title":"VirTEE: A full backward-compatible TEE with native live migration and secure I\/O","volume-title":"Proc. 59th ACM\/IEEE Design Automat. Conf.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Confidential computing on RISC-V: Application processor trusted execution environment (AP-TEE)","author":"Sahita","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3587135.3592168"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Scalable memory protection in the PENGLAI enclave","volume-title":"Proc. 15th USENIX Symp. Operating Syst. Des. Implement. (OSDI)","author":"Feng"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3352460.3358310"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2023.3302837"},{"key":"ref100","volume-title":"CVA6\u2014RISC-V Application-Class Core","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref101","volume-title":"Secondary Program Loader (SPL)\u2014Interfaces and Helpers","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Flat Image Tree (FIT)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref103","volume-title":"\u2019Virt\u2019 Generic Virtual Platform (RISC-V)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref104","volume-title":"RISC-V System Emulator","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref105","volume-title":"Spike: The RISC-V ISA Simulator","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/springerreference_28001"},{"key":"ref107","volume-title":"EVerest: An Open-Source Software Stack for EV Charging Infrastructure","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref108","volume-title":"EVerest: An Open-Source Software Stack for EV Charging Infrastructure","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref109","volume-title":"RV8 Benchmark Suite","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11282953.pdf?arnumber=11282953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:38:32Z","timestamp":1773347912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11282953\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":109,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3641293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}