{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:07:08Z","timestamp":1791047228159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3644958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:47:51Z","timestamp":1765997271000},"page":"212920-212941","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CARBUROS: A Formally Verified Authentication Protocol for V2X Communications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco De","family":"Vincenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics (IIT), CNR, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bodei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universitá di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Matteucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics (IIT), CNR, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/indin51400.2023.10217971"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments-Security Services for Application and Management Messages","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2024.3524088"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Contextualizing security and privacy of software-defined vehicles: State of the art and industry perspectives","author":"De Vincenzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.10612"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE)\u2014Certificate Management Interfaces for End Entities","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems\u2014ITS Station Security Services for Secure Session Establishment and Authentication Between Trusted Devices","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2781198"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3085297"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2100080"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Trier: Five Die As Car Ploughs Through Germany Pedestrian Zone","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"An Overview of Harmonised Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) Deployment in Europe","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2025.3598113"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/itsc57777.2023.10421946"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2022-fall57202.2022.10012773"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"ProVerif: Cryptographic Protocol Verifier in the Formal Model","author":"Blanchet","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tit.1983.1056650"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14722\/autosec.2021.23021","article-title":"Vision-based two-factor authentication & localization scheme for autonomous vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop Automot. Auto. Vehicle Secur.","author":"Alsoliman"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39799-8_48"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11513988_27"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70545-1_38"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-68653-5_12"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10181-1_15"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385958.3430482"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info14120666"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-024-00759-w"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109377"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDCC51268.2020.00026"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103133"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/csf.2018.00008"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Security of EV-charging protocols","author":"Van Aubel","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.04631"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109512"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-025-01055-7"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12778"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92895-9"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.12.039","article-title":"An intelligent cyber threat detection: A swarm-optimized machine learning approach","volume":"115","author":"Qiqieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193007","article-title":"Optimized machine learning-based intrusion detection system for fog and edge computing environment","volume":"11","author":"Alzubi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14722\/vehiclesec.2024.23024","article-title":"On the vulnerability of traffic light recognition systems to laser illumination attacks","volume-title":"Proc. Symp. Vehicle Secur. Privacy","author":"Bhupathiraju"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101745","article-title":"A survey on multi-factor authentication for online banking in the wild","volume":"95","author":"Sinigaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jaci.2012010103"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2548426"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2024","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems\u2014ITS Station Security Services for Secure Session Establishment and Authentication Between Trusted Devices","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"What Are Squawk Codes?","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Air Traffic Control, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359657.359659"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"ProVerif 2.05: Automatic Cryptographic Protocol Verifier, User Manual","author":"Blanchet","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/10820123\/11301733.pdf?arnumber=11301733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1768291851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11301733\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3644958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}