{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:49:01Z","timestamp":1773841741568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2019\/35\/N\/ST6\/04052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2019\/35\/N\/ST6\/04052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3649998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:45:15Z","timestamp":1767206715000},"page":"3284-3311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Survey on Bias in Machine Learning Research"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Miko\u0142ajczyk-Bare\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Control Systems and Decision Support, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Grochowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Control Systems and Decision Support, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0316-z"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003278290-37"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat05095"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457607"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616865"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07939-1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-024-09746-w"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Critical appraisal of fairness metrics in clinical predictive AI","author":"Matos","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.17035"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0288-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12432"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-024907-0.50013-4"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Data augmentation and explainability for bias discovery and mitigation in deep learning","author":"Miko\u0142ajczyk-Bare\u0142a","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.09464"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200101000-00019"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2014-101946"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.008466"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00955-7"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.468"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"19000","article-title":"The origins and prevalence of texture bias in convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Hermann"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Bias in large language models: Origin, evaluation, and mitigation","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.10915"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Deconstructing the ethics of large language models from long-standing issues to new-emerging dilemmas: A survey","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"arxiv:2406.05392"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38478.497164.F7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.35.4.250"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3810.56"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6599.654"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref26","first-page":"815","article-title":"Of mites and men: Reference bias in narrative review in proceedings","volume-title":"J. Family Pract.","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt"},{"issue":"7788","key":"ref27","first-page":"64","article-title":"Wakefield\u2019s inproceedings linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent: Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare","volume":"342","author":"Godlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"91","article-title":"Confirmation bias","volume-title":"Cognitive Illusions","author":"Oswald","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.771948"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpdig.2024.03.003"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00524"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2025.104103"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445518"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3317287.3328534"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1323"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"66","article-title":"Work with new electronic \u2019brains\u2019 opens field for army math experts","volume":"10","author":"Mellin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Hammond Times"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458723"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995347"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00158"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3055540.3055547"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2010.02.004"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000651"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Understanding dataset bias in medical imaging: A case study on chest X-rays","author":"Dack","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.07722"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0063476"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-018-0050-y"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The frontiers of fairness in machine learning","author":"Chouldechova","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.08810"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2289222"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/12.24.9567"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2346789"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.024"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199401000-00006"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(81)90020-5"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2019.00013"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21390-2"},{"issue":"9814","key":"ref55","first-page":"461","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Stanek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Disease primers"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34203-2"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"The unfairness of popularity bias in recommendation","volume-title":"Proc. RecSys Workshop Recommendation Multistakeholder Environments (RMSE)","author":"Abdollahpouri"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"413","article-title":"Managing popularity bias in recommender systems with personalized re-ranking","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Flairs Conf.","author":"Abdollahpouri"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1111"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdpdd.ijdpdd_13_17"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00335"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16452-1_42"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00815-z"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.342135051"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102704"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2017-110884"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1943.tb02725.x"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46469\/mq.1992.33.2.5"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Ideology, and the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref70","first-page":"403","article-title":"Bias in mental testing","volume":"4","author":"Jensen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bias in machine learning-what is it good for?","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Workshop New Found. Human-Centered AI (NeHuAI)","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Investigating annotator bias in large language models for hate speech detection","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.11109"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00572-w"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-80122-8_5"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-2005"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-011-9125-1"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2020-1638"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CogInfoCom.2017.8268246"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64206-2_14"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Training a helpful and harmless assistant with reinforcement learning from human feedback","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2204.05862"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Open problems and fundamental limitations of reinforcement learning from human feedback","author":"Casper","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.15217"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"RLTHF: Targeted human feedback for LLM alignment","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.13417"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"TACO: Trash annotations in context for litter detection","author":"Proen\u00e7a","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.06975"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0881-2_11"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"17044","article-title":"Identifying mislabeled data using the area under the margin ranking","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Pleiss"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"WebVision database: Visual learning and understanding from Web data","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1708.02862"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.sigdial-1.35"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eval4nlp-1.2"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000089"},{"key":"ref91","volume-title":"Cultural Bias","author":"Douglas","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-024-00741-1"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.197"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.154"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2321570"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Conf. Fairness, Accountability Transparency","author":"Buolamwini"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"78","article-title":"Gender attribution: Tracing stylometric evidence beyond topic and genre","volume-title":"Proc. 15th Conf. Comput. Natural Lang. Learn.","author":"Sarawgi"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604667"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462469"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/852"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.01.083"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref102","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dangers of human-like bias in machine-learning algorithms","volume":"2","author":"Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Missouri S T\u2019s Peer Peer"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disability, bias, and AI","volume":"8","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"AI Now Inst."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637756609375512"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2720"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.4.361"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117384"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS057"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/12-AOS1058"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-415766-8.00003-3"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/ee.2013.09.02.99"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.3.227"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref114","first-page":"79","article-title":"How to control confounding effects by statistical analysis","volume":"5","author":"Pourhoseingholi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology hepatology from bed to bench"},{"key":"ref115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Confounding bias","author":"Alexander","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14960"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01847-7"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giac082"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000042804.12056.6C"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi002"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.12.019"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000493"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.90.3.582"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00088.x"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1973.10481419"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-5-2"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.187.4175.398"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209581"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.020318","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and algorithmic bias: Implications for health systems","volume":"9","author":"Panch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Global Health"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1999.0790"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"A statistical framework for fair predictive algorithms","author":"Lum","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1610.08077"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01231-1_31"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412152"},{"key":"ref135","first-page":"4349","article-title":"Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Bolukbasi"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref136","first-page":"2218","article-title":"Bias in, bias out","volume":"128","author":"Mayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale Law J."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00993472"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465416.3483305"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Interpretable Machine Learning With Python: Learn To Build Interpretable High-Performance Models With Hands-On Real-World Examples","author":"Mas\u00eds","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20160213"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098095"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compas risk scales: Demonstrating accuracy equity and predictive parity","volume":"7","author":"Dieterich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Northpoint Inc"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3361280","article-title":"Economics, fairness and algorithmic bias","author":"Cowgill","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-019-00355-w"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.12.001"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i2.20029"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1159"},{"key":"ref148","first-page":"5301","article-title":"On the spectral bias of neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Rahaman"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SaTML64287.2025.00042"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/signals5040040"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Harnessing synthetic datasets: The role of shape bias in deep neural network generalization","author":"Benarous","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.06224"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"On the frequency bias of generative models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"34","author":"Schwarz"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i7.20675"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12348"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47004\/wp.cem.2021.4521"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2024.08.009"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACSIS.2015.7415179"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/230538.230561"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00285-9"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3587"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0048-x"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.70015"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199552"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240688"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref165","first-page":"200","article-title":"Tobacco industry manipulation of research","volume-title":"Public Health Rep.","volume":"120","author":"Bero","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14259"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449149"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098914"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20941"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161574"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ilm.2024.46"},{"key":"ref172","article-title":"The need for biases in learning generalizations","author":"Mitchell","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(87)90114-1"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01768-2_2"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009868929893"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(78)90005-5"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5_4"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103458"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25679-z"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2023.100341"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90033-9"},{"key":"ref182","volume-title":"Bias in Human Reasoning: Causes and Consequences","author":"Evans","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Wishful thinking from a pragmatic hypothesis-testing perspective","volume-title":"The Mythomanias","author":"Trope","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.211"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(72)90016-3"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034747"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(92)90013-R"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.115.2.502"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.09.002"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.06.008"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-019-05856-5"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.90.4.293"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.194"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00147"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(77)80012-1"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1884324"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122575"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.05.006"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2018.306"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.016"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366424.3383562"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00704"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00153-4"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2022.08.012"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74697-1_15"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86365-4_35"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08987-4"},{"key":"ref208","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Examples are not enough, learn to criticize! Criticism for interpretability","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"29","author":"Kim"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"IFBiD: Inference-free bias detection","volume-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.","author":"Serna"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236009"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"547","article-title":"Self-erasing network for integral object attention","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"31","author":"Hou"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2021.3079836"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00894"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01503-7"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-011-0463-8"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631326"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288540"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SJI-220080"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC4.2009.4909197"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783311"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020488"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/201"},{"key":"ref223","first-page":"325","article-title":"Learning fair representations","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Zemel"},{"key":"ref224","article-title":"Censoring representations with an adversary","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv:1511.05897"},{"key":"ref225","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Flexibly fair representation learning by disentanglement","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Creager"},{"key":"ref226","article-title":"Semi-FairVAE: Semi-supervised fair representation learning with adversarial variational autoencoder","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2204.00536"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58558-7_42"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-021-06100-9"},{"key":"ref229","article-title":"Two-stage algorithm for fairness-aware machine learning","author":"Komiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1710.04924"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i9.16931"},{"key":"ref231","article-title":"Discovering fair representations in the data domain","author":"Quadrianto","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.06755"},{"key":"ref232","first-page":"119","article-title":"Decoupled classifiers for group-fair and efficient machine learning","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Fairness, Accountability Transparency","author":"Dwork"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3278721.3278779"},{"key":"ref234","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Adversarial filters of dataset biases","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Bras"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00919-9_29"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32248-9_31"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00334"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1101-7"},{"key":"ref239","first-page":"3543","article-title":"Attention is not explanation","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. North American Chapter Assoc. Comput. Linguistics, Human Lang. Technol.","author":"Jain"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1002"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"1780","article-title":"Why attention is not explanation: Surgical intervention and causal reasoning about neural models","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Lang. Resour. Eval. Conf.","author":"Grimsley"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.repl4nlp-1.17"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421416"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00264-8"},{"key":"ref245","first-page":"728","article-title":"Fairness without demographics through adversarially reweighted learning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Lahoti"},{"key":"ref246","article-title":"Fairness-aware naive Bayes classifier for data with multiple sensitive features","author":"Boulitsakis-Logothetis","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.11499"},{"key":"ref247","first-page":"10340","article-title":"Input-agnostic certified group fairness via Gaussian parameter smoothing","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Jin"},{"key":"ref248","first-page":"6755","article-title":"Minimax Pareto fairness: A multi objective perspective","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"119","author":"Bertr\u00e1n"},{"key":"ref249","first-page":"1939","article-title":"Multicalibration: Calibration for the (computationally-identifiable) masses","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"H\u00e9bert-Johnson"},{"key":"ref250","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Fairness without demographics in repeated loss minimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Hashimoto"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"325","article-title":"Fairness in learning: Classic and contextual bandits","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"29","author":"Joseph"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.09.064"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611974348.17"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.02.023"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00062-2"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3117"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-acl.165","article-title":"BBQ: A hand-built bias benchmark for question answering","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022","author":"Parrish","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11321101.pdf?arnumber=11321101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:02:43Z","timestamp":1768255363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11321101\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":257,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3649998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}