{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:18:10Z","timestamp":1768281490044,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNITA Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3650068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T18:38:09Z","timestamp":1767292689000},"page":"2463-2485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Back Flash Overvoltage Damages All DC\/AC Converters in Photovoltaic Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osmel P\u00e9rez","family":"Baluja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo Y.","family":"Le\u00f3n \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Garc\u00eda V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9606-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Cotfas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6301-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petru A.","family":"Cotfas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Renewable Energy Statistics 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123391"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118591"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102622"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26935"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/compel.2013.6626400"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccpeic.2018.8525170"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp.2014.6973451"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp56858.2022.9942472"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Back flashover protection performance analysis of 220kV double circuit transmission line","volume-title":"Proc. Asia\u2013Pacific Power Energy Eng. Conf.","author":"Wu"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdei.2014.6832247"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Insulation Coordination for Power Systems","author":"Hileman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp56858.2022.9942612"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-016-0398-6"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/apl.2019.8816040"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/isemc.2018.8393894"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106386"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pvsc.2012.6318088"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.07.118"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrd.2008.917886"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/rpg2.12646"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp56858.2022.9942579"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/epe.2019.8777955"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icpre55555.2022.9960496"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pbpo172g_ch9"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effective grounding of distributed generation inverters may not mitigate transient and temporary overvoltage","volume-title":"Proc. 39th Annu. Western Protective Relay Conf. (WPRC)","author":"Ropp"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"GERS, Grounded Grids in Utility Scale Solar Farms","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp.2010.7845893"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.09.009"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices\u2014Part 31: Requirements and Test Methods for SPDs for Photovoltaic Installations","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Surge Protective Devices and UL 1449 4th Edition | Schneider Electric","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"SIOV Metal Oxide Varistors Leaded Varistors, SuperioR, S25 Series","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp.2018.8503273"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Low-voltage Surge Protective Devices\u2013Surge Protective Devices for Specific Application Including D.C.\u2014Part 12: Selection and Application Principles\u2013SPDs Connected to Photovoltaic Installations","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/apl57308.2023.10182043"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"DEHN-Lightning and Surge Protection, Safety Equipment","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disparos incorrectos de las protecciones el\u00e9ctricas de parques fotovoltaicos conectados al Sistema El\u00e9ctrico de Cuba: Faulty tripping of electrical protection devices photovoltaic solar power plants connecting to cuban electric power system","volume":"44","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ingenier\u00eda Energ\u00e9tica"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Back flash overvoltage MATLAB model","author":"Baluja","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE DataPort"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"IEC 60364-1:2005","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Photovoltaic (PV) Arrays\u2014Part 1: Design Requirements","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Lightning Protection System Components (LPSC)\u2014Part 7: Requirements for Earthing Enhancing Compounds","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Topics in Electrical Engineering. Complete Work. Empresa Editorial Poligr\u00e1fica F\u00e9lix Varela","author":"Mesa","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrd.2007.915194"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ichve.2018.8641855"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pes.2003.1267403"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.03.013"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.484134"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.754080"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEEM.2006.257954"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp.2012.6344366"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iclp.2016.7791382"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/upec.2014.6934666"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/41.97560"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ismsit.2018.8567054"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Low-voltage Surge Protective Devices\u2014Part 11: Surge Protective Devices Connected To Low-Voltage Power Systems\u2014Requirements and Test Methods","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Protection Against Lightning - Part 3: Physical Damage To Structures and Life Hazard","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.754079"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2023.109601"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/papcon.2002.1015142"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdc.2012.6281501"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/arwtr54586.2022.9959895"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/61.193892"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/apl.2019.8815987"},{"key":"ref64","volume-title":"Analysis and Assessment of Peak Lightning Current Probabilities At the NASA Kennedy Space Center","author":"Johnson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2002)130<2098:tnaldn>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.082"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112125"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3111452"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/raee.2015.7352752"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122149"},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"IEC Webstore | Rural Electrification, Solar Panel, Photovoltaic, PV, Solar Power, Electricity, LVDC","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11321096.pdf?arnumber=11321096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:02:54Z","timestamp":1768255374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11321096\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3650068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}