{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:17:29Z","timestamp":1768281449244,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by Korean Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00340882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00340882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2025.3650345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T18:38:09Z","timestamp":1767292689000},"page":"2410-2419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variational Depth Estimation for Endoscopic Images: A Lightweight Unsupervised Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6534-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehman","family":"Abdul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Cyber Systems Research Group, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4240-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Oun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2384134"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2323999"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.006222"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9630156"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3191317"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.02.006"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2833868"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71598-8_19"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.700"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00212"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2926501"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2950936"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102058"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102338"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3400804"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"VA-DepthNet: A variational approach to single image depth prediction","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.06556"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"2366","article-title":"Depth map prediction from a single image using a multi-scale deep network","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Eigen"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00181"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-01962-w"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2018.06.005"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105989"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.699"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48891.2023.10160708"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2024.3352390"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Advancing depth anything model for unsupervised monocular depth estimation in endoscopy","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.07723"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3423791"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2024.3407384"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00393"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00987"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Stereo correspondence and reconstruction of endoscopic data challenge","author":"Allan","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2101.01133"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"MobileNets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1704.04861"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11321256.pdf?arnumber=11321256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T22:02:41Z","timestamp":1768255361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11321256\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2025.3650345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}