{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:10:46Z","timestamp":1770739846707,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.55776\/P34649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.55776\/P34649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien (TU) Wien Bibliothek for the Open Access Funding Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3651672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T18:36:49Z","timestamp":1767724609000},"page":"13501-13511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pushing the Limits of PIN Photodiode Direct Detection: Integrate-and-Dump Receivers With CDS Equalization Closing the Gap to the Quantum Limit to 13.9\u2006dB"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8375-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Gasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Michael Laube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Performance of coherent optical receivers","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE","volume":"78","author":"Barry"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2012.04.008","article-title":"Performance comparisons between PIN and APD photodetectors for use in optical communication systems","volume":"124","author":"Kharraz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11930","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.011930","article-title":"Optical wireless APD receivers in 0.35 mum HV CMOS technology with large detection area","volume":"27","author":"Milovan\u010dev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optics Exp."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000793","article-title":"25 Gbps low-voltage waveguide Si\u2013Ge avalanche photodiode","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.102399","article-title":"Temperature effects on characteristics and performance of near-infrared wide bandwidth for different avalanche photodiodes structures","volume":"14","author":"Amiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4865743"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119264422"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","first-page":"2652","article-title":"Integrated fiber optical receiver reducing the gap to the quantum limit","volume-title":"Sci. Rep.","volume":"7","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"468","article-title":"A 500Mb\/s -46.1dBm CMOS SPAD receiver for laser diode visible-light communications","author":"Kosman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"High-sensitivity free space optical communications using low size, weight and power hardware","author":"Griffiths","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1902.00495"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2018.2794766","article-title":"A fully integrated SPAD-based CMOS data-receiver with a sensitivity of -64 dBm at 20 Mb\/s","volume":"1","author":"Goll","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2022.3174962","article-title":"High speed and high sensitivity InGaAs\/InAlAs single photon avalanche diodes for photon counting communication","volume":"40","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.2973200","article-title":"A SiPM-based VLC receiver for gigabit communication using OOK modulation","volume":"32","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3279935","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive PIN-photodiode receiver","volume":"15","author":"Schneider-Hornstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118371","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3447731","article-title":"Ultra sensitive PIN-diode receiver utilizing photocurrent integration on a parasitic capacitance","volume":"12","author":"Gasser","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2024.3520338","article-title":"Ultrasensitive reset-less integrator-based PIN-diode receiver with input current control","volume":"8","author":"Gasser","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2024.3487302","article-title":"Highly-sensitive integrating optical receiver with large PIN photodiode","volume":"16","author":"Laube","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154599","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3602093","article-title":"Slow-slope reset scheme for highly-sensitive CMOS integrate-and-dump receiver OEIC","volume":"13","author":"Laube","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2005.07.002","article-title":"Review of CMOS image sensors","volume":"37","author":"Bigas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100430","article-title":"CMOS image sensors for high speed applications","volume":"9","author":"El-Desouki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2023.3242047","article-title":"Dot PIN photodiodes with a capacitance down to 1.14 aF\/\u03bcm2","volume":"35","author":"Goll","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3251893","article-title":"Ultra-low capacitance spot PIN photodiodes","volume":"15","author":"Goll","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3280251","article-title":"A near-infrared enhanced field-line crowding based CMOS-integrated avalanche photodiode","volume":"15","author":"Kohneh Poushi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.577195"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1109\/50.56401","article-title":"Silicon MOS amplifier operation in the integrate and dump mode for gigahertz band lightwave communication systems","volume":"8","author":"Jindal","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"An integrate-and-dump receiver for fiber optic networks","author":"Stevens","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.920330","article-title":"A 90 nm CMOS 16 Gb\/s transceiver for optical interconnects","volume":"43","author":"Palermo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"84","article-title":"A 1.6 Gb\/s, 3 mW CMOS receiver for optical communication","volume-title":"Proc. Symp. VLSI Circuits. Dig. Tech. Papers","author":"Emami-Neyestanak"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.1974.1050448","article-title":"Characterization of surface channel CCD image arrays at low light levels","volume":"SSC-9","author":"White","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"262","article-title":"Infrared readout electronics for space-science sensors: State of the art and future directions","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE","volume":"2020","author":"Fossum"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20010130"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"159","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of CTIA-based pixel reset noise","volume-title":"Proc. SPIE","author":"Blerkom"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2012.2206452"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1973.tb01993.x","article-title":"Receiver design for digital fiber optic communication systems, I","volume":"52","author":"Personick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173887","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3617104","article-title":"Low junction capacitance PIN and avalanche photodiodes in 180 nm CMOS","volume":"13","author":"Gasser","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.1974.1050531","article-title":"A complete monolithic sample\/hold amplifier","volume":"SSC-9","author":"Stafford","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.1975.1050630"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4.34103"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/4.68134","article-title":"Two novel fully complementary self-biased CMOS differential amplifiers","volume":"26","author":"Bazes","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2010.2073696","article-title":"A 1.25-Gb\/s indoor cellular optical wireless communications demonstrator","volume":"22","author":"Le Minh","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11333325.pdf?arnumber=11333325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T21:08:56Z","timestamp":1770671336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11333325\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3651672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}