{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:29:16Z","timestamp":1780356556590,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology grant funded by the Argentum-\u201cExcellence Initiative-Research University\u201d Program","award":["DEC-56\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC-56\/2021\/IDUB\/I.3.3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3653868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T20:59:51Z","timestamp":1768337991000},"page":"10623-10634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-Layer Vertex Refinement Algorithm for Online Palletization of Boxes With Varying Dimensions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6519-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6599-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Oku\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"D\u0229Bi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Kryzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2412-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomash","family":"Mikulevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Glinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9753-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek S.","family":"Tatara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czubenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Decision Systems and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031278"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The future of trucks: Implications for energy and the environment","author":"Teter","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Pallets Market Size, Companies, Trends, Growth & Industry Analysis (2025\u20132030)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.48.2.256.12386"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106942"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON43393.2020.9254855"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2024.01.010","article-title":"Machine-fixture-pallet resources constrained flexible job shop scheduling considering loading and unloading times under pallet automation system","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55792-2_10"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"4203","article-title":"An on-line stacking algorithm for the 3D palletizing problem with strongly heterogeneous box sizes","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","journal-title":"Information"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics8030069","article-title":"Comprehensive review of robotized freight packing","volume":"8","author":"Pantoja-Benavides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Logistics"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Wooden Pallets (sizes & Types)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21501\/21454086.1790"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cec.2009.4983295"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2719","article-title":"A hybrid genetic algorithm for pallet loading in real-world applications","volume":"53","author":"Ancora","year":"2020","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207549408957074"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(80)90031-9","article-title":"An improved BL lower bound","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"1980","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieem.2007.4419457"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2010.5650217"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jssm.2011.44059"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30198-1_45"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2015.10.007"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1474","article-title":"A two-phase algorithm to solve a 3-dimensional pallet loading problem","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Manuf."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icnsc55942.2022.10004170"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"5285","article-title":"Scalable trust-region method for deep reinforcement learning using kronecker-factored approximation","volume-title":"Proc. 31st Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Wu"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON51785.2023.10312036"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning efficient online 3D bin packing on packing configuration trees","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graph attention networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2024.02.007","article-title":"3D dynamic heterogeneous robotic palletization problem","volume":"316","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2024.102941","article-title":"3D vision robot online packing platform for deep reinforcement learning","volume":"94","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integrated Manuf."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Adjustable robust reinforcement learning for online 3D bin packing","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.04323"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126429","article-title":"A large neighborhood search algorithm based on Q-learning for multi-container loading problem","volume":"269","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11348041.pdf?arnumber=11348041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T06:01:24Z","timestamp":1769493684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11348041\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":31,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3653868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}