{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:51:39Z","timestamp":1772661099852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Access"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/access.2026.3667201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T20:48:59Z","timestamp":1771879739000},"page":"31012-31034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling and Reliability Analysis of Delay-Based Physical Unclonable Functions Using Low-Density Parity-Check Codes for Dependable Security"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0657-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8742-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Naroska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3020-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, University of Applied Sciences Ruhr West, M&#x00FC;lheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4483-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Obermaisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07649-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14081510","article-title":"Comprehensive investigation of security and quality metrics for lightweight double arbiter PUF on FPGAs: Design and analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yavuz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487060"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","first-page":"21","article-title":"Research on computer information network security technology and development direction","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Comput. Electron. Inf. Manage."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2025.106591","article-title":"Synchronous state judgment arbiter PUF circuit design based on FPGA","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14101953","article-title":"A privacy-preserving authentication scheme using PUF and biometrics for IoT-enabled smart cities","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities6010027","article-title":"Privacy and security concerns in the smart city","volume":"6","author":"Fabr\u00e8gue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110210","article-title":"A PUF-based lightweight identity authentication protocol for Internet of Vehicles","volume":"123","author":"Men","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3361921"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3602311"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIVC66358.2025.11200254"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS56072.2025.11043208"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC63325.2024.00021"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32700-1_3"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3591464"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical unclonable functions (PUFs): Foundations, evaluation, and testing for secure hardware systems","volume-title":"Proc. 30th IEEE Eur. Test Symp. (ETS)","author":"Gutierrez"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2021.3138365"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2021.3125255"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41635-021-00120-6"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC-Egypt52936.2021.9513902"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03421-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-022-03070-1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS51825.2021.9484594"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps52748.2021.9682006"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iSES54909.2022.00142"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01839-6"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3285784"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2014.7001362"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2015.2437996"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC61514.2024.10592410"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS60989.2024.10784502"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Database of Channel Codes and ML Simulation Results","author":"Helmling","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON59035.2023.10315970"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10836-022-06034-7"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3590476"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2021.06.001","article-title":"FPGA-based physical unclonable functions: A comprehensive overview of theory and architectures","volume":"81","author":"Anandakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3189533"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"A feature vector-based modeling attack method on symmetrical obfuscated interconnection PUF","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2014.361"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2017.7928974"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ETAAV66793.2025.11212950"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"PA-PUF: A novel priority arbiter PUF","volume-title":"Proc. IFIP\/IEEE 30th Int. Conf. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI-SoC)","author":"Singh"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"RISecure-PUF: Multipurpose PUF-driven security extensions with lookaside buffer in RISC-V","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.14025"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS58744.2024.10558347"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS51742.2021.9524282"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3594949"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIP57908.2023.10270847"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATS64447.2024.10915527"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2025.115941","article-title":"A temperature-invariant and ML-resilient, RO PUF design with improved security and performance metrics","volume":"175","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microelectron. Rel."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PAINE66113.2025.11320191"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2023.3292481"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Arbiter PUF: Uniqueness and reliability analysis using hybrid CMOS-Stanford memristor model","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.04461"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic fault injection attack on ring oscillator-based PUFs in FPGAs","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Eur. Test Symp. (ETS)","author":"El Amraoui"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3648516"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"385","article-title":"Pulsed ElectroMagnetic fault injection attack on a time measurement-based arbiter-PUF","volume-title":"Proc. 28th Euromicro Conf. Digital Syst. Design (DSD)","author":"Thajte"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPTC47984.2019.9026690"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2019.2956158"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2022.3156807"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI59464.2023.10238578"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1962.1057683"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT.2007.7"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19961141"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ietcom\/e90-b.3.440"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Demystifying 5G polar and LDPC codes: A comprehensive review and foundations","author":"Sy","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.11053"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOCC.2012.6407078"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CMC.2011.117"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASSCC.2010.5716619"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420054620.ch10"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2005.859470"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC52391.2025.11161484"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3522053"},{"key":"ref72","volume-title":"Ldpc Encoder\/ Decoder V2.0 Logicore Ip Product Guide (PB052)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-022-01795-y"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPACS.2013.6704549"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2011.5937810"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Design of ultra high throughput rate NB-LDPC decoder","author":"Harb","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2019.2938562"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092118","article-title":"An anti-electromagnetic attack PUF based on a configurable ring oscillator for wireless sensor networks","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["IEEE Access"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6287639\/11323511\/11408174.pdf?arnumber=11408174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T20:51:36Z","timestamp":1772657496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11408174\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2026.3667201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2169-3536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2169-3536","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}